The Lamiaceae Family
(previously known as Labiatae)

Part 1- Basil-Melissa

 

Orientation:

First, listen to your animated helper tell you about this lesson.
We will hold the Essential Oil Family Lectures in the Ship’s Library, which has transformed again. We hope you like its look today, but it will keep shifting to suit our needs. From the main stairwell, go to Deck 4. Turn left, and the Library is the second door on your right.
Bring your laptop or a notebook, Scent Impression Sheets and a beverage.
You can scan the page to see which oils you need to bring with you in this family.

Go in and grab a seat before we start!

When you get comfy, read about all the plants on this page and take breaks when necessary.
Watch Robert’s video on plants at the bottom of the page. Enjoy Annora’s song.

Fill out your scent impressions sheets and download the exercises at the bottom of the page. Create the product suggested in the lesson and journal to benefit from the transformations from this lesson.

Animated Instructors:

Trish and the other animated teachers are here to give an overview and greeting. If they interfere with your concentration, you may hover over them and then push the mute button. Just press the play button to let them resume their talk when you are ready. If they are in the way when you wish to move forward, push the X button on the right-hand side of the animated character. This will remove them. Push the refresh button on your page to get them back.

Remember, some lessons are very comprehensive. Please break them down into chunks that allow you to work at your own pace. Please invest a minimum of 30 minutes a day in your material.

Chapter Overview-

You will discover many treasures on this journey. Please don’t overdo it; instead, set a pace that is just right.

The Lamiaceae Family is the largest used in aromatherapy.
We have divided it into two segments, but they are both long.
Learning about the essential oils in this family gives you a good start in aromatic knowledge. Lavender, basil, oregano, rosemary, and peppermint are essential oils that you will use frequently.

 

Essential Oils in the Lamiaceae Family – Part 1

As you get comfortable in the library, sip your beverage and start your readings. Using your scent strip, sniff every oil you have. Fill out your scent impressions sheets as you go.

Basil

(Sometimes known as Sweet Basil, French Basil, European Basil, or Common Basil). Estragole ct

Basil is derived from the Greek basileus, meaning “king,” the king of herbs.

Ocimum basilicum

There are over 160 basil species, cultivar varieties, and chemotypes, but only a few are discussed here.

This plant has different sizes, shapes, and scents. The methyl chavicol chemotype is highly intense, with a warm, sweet herbaceous odour and fresh, camphor-like anise top note. Other variations are dominant in linalool, camphor, eugenol and methyl eugenol.

Generally, methyl chavicol-dominant oils are systemic relaxants for hypertonic, tense, and spasmodic conditions. It is the number one oil used in France for acute spasms and pain. It is a systemic nervous and neuromuscular relaxant acting on smooth and striated muscles (Holmes 2019:120). It is a nervous system and cerebral restorative.

Sweet Basil, also known as French Basil, contains 40-69% linalool, small amounts of eugenol (9-15%), and methylchavicol. Linalool-dominant oils are systemic restoratives for hypnotic, weak, and congestive damp conditions, including fatigue, neurasthenia, and mild adrenocortical deficiency. Sweet Basil is also suitable for dry eczema and reducing skin itching, as well as uterine and prostate congestion and swelling. It helps to reduce adrenal fatigue.

Eugenol dominant basil is very anti-infectious against bacteria, viruses, fungi, and intestinal dysbiosis. It is a warming, stimulating oil, like Pimenta berry. Please take a look at Holy Basil below. Camphor dominant Basil is spasmolytic, anti-inflammatory, hypotensive and a mucolytic expectorant. It relieves neurogenic angina pectoris and is used for bronchial congestion with dyspnoea and moderate hypertension. This chemotype should be used with caution because of being neurotoxic, teratogenic, abortive, and contraindicated in pregnancy, breastfeeding, babies and infants. InI am dternal use is not advised.

From India, the Mediterranean, Europe, North Africa, Florida, Vietnam, and Madagascar.

Class:  phenolic ethers (72-90%)

3 Key Constituents: Estragole (methyl chavicol), (68-87%), linalool, 1,8 cineole (Lawrence 1993 p. 70-74, 1995 g p. 201, 1998f p. 35-48.)

Steam distilled from leaves and flowering tops. The yield is low, one kilo from 600 to 1000 kg of aerial parts, yet the price is very reasonable.

Favourite Usage: Robert loves the smell of this oil and finds it fabulous as a mental stimulant, room spray and “pick-me-up.”

I used to love this herb as a culinary. It grows slowly in our city, Edmonton, because it is too dry. Once, when Robert and I were in Ottawa, Canada’s capital city, we found many beautiful plants at the farmer’s market. We brought them back to our hotel. I surrounded myself with them in the bath and the bed like a basil-starved beast.

Later, I brought the baby basil plants home, planted some and made a plethora of pesto sauce, which I froze in ice cube trays. After eating this for a few months, I developed a bit of a basil allergy, which manifested as an itchy rash. For me, overdoing anything can cause reactions. But I do have fond memories of my bed of basil.

Culinary: I like one drop added into a sauce for that beautiful “pesto” flavour. Of course, ensure there are no allergies and that it is not given to anyone under 3. Add it to the sauce or olive oil after warming so the essential oil does not boil out. If you like basil, one drop in 15 oz. of organic olive oil adds a delicate taste.

Hair and Skin: Insect repellent, insect bites- (mosquito and wasp), hair growth, oily skin, eczema, herpes, warts (including Molluscum contagiosum [water warts]), shingles, and acne. For use on hair and skin, dilute in a carrier oil and apply externally. It is a mild skin irritant (methyl chavicol type).

Basil, clary sage, and rosemary essential oils possess additive and synergistic effects against pathogenic wound bacteria with antibiotics. Sienkiewicz M et al., Burns 2017 43(2): 310-17. It is antiseptic and anti-inflammatory for boils, furuncles, abscesses, and acne.

Respiratory: Whooping cough, sinus- helps to restore the sense of smell after a head cold. Asthma, bronchitis, colds. Diffuse oils for respiratory conditions. I would first mix it with another essential oil unless you like basil’s “licorice-like” scent. Basil relaxes hypertonic and tense conditions and decongests dampness. It is a respiratory relaxant and broncho-spasmolytic dilatant, antitussive. Combine with fir or hyssop as a bronchodilator and antitussive for asthma and spasmodic coughs.

For earaches, add one drop of basil to a carrier, like mullein or garlic oil, and rub downward, externally, around the bottom of the ear by the lobe. Or mix one drop of basil into a tsp. of gently warmed mullein or olive oil and put it in the ear. Cover with a cotton ball.

Muscles and Joints: Aches, pains, deep muscle spasms, rheumatoid arthritis.

Use on muscles and joints by diluting in a carrier oil. Dandelion carrier oil can be a good choice for this purpose. Rub or dab it onto the sore areas.

Mixed with lavender and marjoram, basil is suitable for muscle pain and is used to ease headaches. Basil is strongly anti-spasmodic analgesic and moderately anti-inflammatory. It is helpful for many acute and chronic smooth muscle complaints, including spasms, neuralgia, neuritis, sciatica, tendinitis, fibromyalgia, rheumatoid arthritis, and gout; for Rheumatoid Arthritis, combine it with vetiver and lemon eucalyptus.

Circulation may stimulate blood flow, decongest veins, and reduce phlebitis inflammation. To achieve these purposes, dilute basil in a carrier and apply it externally. It may also help with dizziness and vertigo. Combine with cypress for venous congestion, varicose veins, phlebitis, and ankle edema.

Immune: Diffuse for a fever or flu. Dilute and apply externally for herpes or shingles. Basil oil shows potent activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. Stojanovic-Radic Z et al., Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-Grand) 2016 62(9): 27-33. The oil is a moderate anti-allergic oil beneficial for type 1 allergies such as asthma, dermatitis, colitis, duodenitis, gastritis, cholecystitis, and prostatitis. It is strongly anti-viral, especially in hepatitis, croup, pleurisy, influenza, dengue fever, malaria, shingles, herpes, encephalitis, MS, and poliomyelitis, combining well with tarragon.  It also exhibits anti-fungal and anti-bacterial activity and is insecticidal against mosquitoes, flies and other insects. Consider combining with tree tree and sage oils for viral infections. Inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enteritidis has been noted in work by Fyfe et al. International J Antimicrob Agents 1997 January.

Digestive: Nausea, gas, indigestion. Dilute with a carrier and rub onto the tummy in a clockwise circular motion to help move the gas outward. Basil has been suggested by Sheppard-Hanger as being helpful for nausea, even in cases of chemotherapy, gastric spasms, hiccups, aids nervous indigestion, gastritis, ulcers, migraines from liver and gallbladder problems. Dilute and rub onto the area for these issues. It may be helpful in spasmodic IBS, aerophagia and gastric pain from ulcers, as well as nausea and vomiting. It may be beneficial as a pancreatic stimulant in cases of enzyme deficiency. Consider combining with fennel or tarragon for digestive issues, including colic, pain and IBS.

Genito: For painful or scanty periods, dilute in a carrier and apply externally or add a couple of drops into bath water. It is a moderate pelvic/uterine/prostate decongestant for dysmenorrhea, hemorrhoids, prostate congestion, infection and enlargement or BPH. It combines well with geranium as a pelvic decongestive in dysmenorrhea and with niaouli or black spruce for prostate congestion, BPH or prostatitis. A January 2014 review by Joshi, R.K. Anc Sci Life found it effective for headaches, coughs, diarrhea, constipation, skin warts, worms and kidney issues. It may increase urine output.

Basil, in its herbal form, Stimulates childbirth and milk production. As an herb, it may help kidneys. It may aid cystitis and ease uterine and prostate congestion. Sheppard-Hanger.

Mental and Nervous System: Diffuse essential oils to get the cognitive effects. Basil may help stimulate thought, and it clears the mind. It is a systemic nervous relaxant and SNS inhibitor and exhibits vagotonic conditions. On the other hand, it is a cerebral sedative and hypnotic, helpful for anxiety, insomnia, travel sickness and vertigo. It combines with lavender or petitgrain as a nervous relaxant and cerebral restorative, with palmarosa or clary sage for chronic neurasthenia, nervous breakdown, burnout and depression. Combine with peppermint and other carminatives for gastrointestinal spasms. It is a cerebral regulator for dizziness, vertigo, travel sickness, and headaches, and it is a potent antiviral.

Basil is uplifting and settling when experiencing anxiety, hysteria, depression or mental fatigue. Some people find it grounding- “increasing awareness of surroundings.” It may increase alertness and be used for tasks like driving. Consider its benefits in bipolar disorder and ADD. “With a sharp vitality, the oil cuts through mental confusion and illusion, allowing one to discern and see things clearly for what they are.

Possibly helpful for migraines- dilute in a carrier and rub onto temples, neck, and shoulders to see if it works for you. It is said to rebalance those who work in primarily intellectual ways.

TCM: Activates Qi and Blood, calms the Liver and Shen for Qi constraint and Shen agitation resulting in nervous tension and irritability combined with bergamot, lavender, marjoram or roman chamomile. For Heart and Liver Qi restraint with Shen agitation, combine with mandarin, German chamomile or ylang-ylang. For liver-stomach stagnation, combine with ginger, spearmint or fennel.  For Liver Yang, rising results in headache, tinnitus, dizziness, vertigo, and muscle tension, combined with clary sage, lavender, or marjoram. Mix with cypress, rosemary, or Atlas cedar wood to warm lower limbs and reduce edema and varicosities.

Perfume Note: Top-Mid Note. Herbaceous, penetrating, with an anise-like scent tone. According to Mindy Green, Natural Perfumes, over 100 varieties of basil can range in scent from cinnamon, spicy to geranium-like, sharp to lemony.

Odor Intensity-high.

Blends with bergamot, black pepper, citronella, clary sage, grapefruit, geranium, hyssop, lavender, lime, marjoram, orange, oakmoss, opopanax, and sandalwood.

Mythology: The Oxford English Dictionary says the oldest origin of the word basil is basileus, meaning king or royal doorway.

A medieval legend says St. Helena, the mother of Constantine, was led to the True Cross by following a trail of basil, which sprung up from the blood of Jesus, during his crucifixion.

It is considered a protection from a fierce dragon that could kill with a look.

Basil may have been brought to Greece by Alexander the Great around 350 BC.

The Encyclopedia of Witchipedia (www.witchipedia.com) says that witches consumed Basil in herbal form before flying on their brooms, which might aid astral projection. It also says this herb was attributed to attracting money.

A few drops of essential oil have been used in spells to help make up after a fight, help aid calm, and heighten potential lovers’ interest.

Basil is known as a sorcerer’s herb. According to Donna Borgen’s Myths and Legends about Herbs and Spices, it is also connected to Erzulie, a voodoo love goddess worshiped in Haiti.

According to Bruce Berkowsky, basil was traditionally used to treat scorpion stings. Some Eastern Magicians thought they could produce scorpions by crushing basil between two stones. The 18th-century botanist Tournefort wrote that a gentleman of Sienna sniffed the powder up his nose but turned mad and died shortly after. His head was opened, and a nest of scorpions was found in his brain.

“Androctonos (homeopathic scorpion) individuals feel assaulted and persecuted and that there are attackers around them, so they must defend themselves. They tend to be destructive and insensitive to other people’s feelings. Their emotions are easily excited, and they become angry when interrupted. Bioenergetically, its anti-venomous properties can be used to treat the emotional wounds of these people’s children and spouses.

More Research:

Antidiabetic properties.
This study underlines its potential in managing oxidative stress and enhancing glucose metabolism, which can be crucial for diabetic care.
Full Citation: “Assessment of anticancer, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anti-obesity and antioxidant activity of Ocimum Basilicum seeds essential oil from Palestine.” BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies. ​ (BioMed Central)​​ (Directory of Open Access Journals – DOAJ)

Respiratory Health Benefits:
The plant traditionally treats various respiratory disorders, including asthma and bronchitis. Studies highlight its efficacy due to bioactive compounds like linalool, which exhibit bronchodilatory properties.
Full Citation: “The Effect of Ocimum Basilicum L. and Its Main Ingredients on Respiratory Disorders.” Frontiers in Pharmacology. (BioMed Central)​

Neuroprotective Effects:
Ocimum basilicum exhibits potential neuroprotective effects, which might be beneficial in treating neurocognitive disorders. This is attributed to its rich phytochemical profile, which includes compounds known for their antioxidant activities.
Full Citation: “Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)—A Review of Its Botany, Phytochemistry, Pharmacological Activities, and Biotechnological Development.” MDPI. (BioMed Central)​.

Antimicrobial and Skin Health:
Basil essential oil has been identified as possessing potent antimicrobial properties that are effective against various bacteria and fungi. These properties benefit skin health, especially in treating acne and other skin infections.
Full Citation: “Evaluation of in vitro anti-acne activities of Ocimum basilicum L. water extract.” ScienceDirect. (Directory of Open Access Journals – DOAJ)

Pharmacological Activities for Holistic Health:
Comprehensive studies on Ocimum basilicum have documented its various pharmacological activities, including its use in traditional medicine for treating digestion, reproduction, and circulation ailments. Its wide range of bioactive compounds supports its therapeutic potential.
Full Citation: “Plants | Free Full-Text | Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)—A Review of Its Botany, Phytochemistry, Pharmacological Activities, and Biotechnological Development.” (BioMed Central)

Cautions: Overuse produces a stupefying effect. Basil is tricky, as many varieties with different chemical compositions are available. Some are higher in methyl chavicol, and these may be moderately carcinogenic. Caution is advised. However, it should be noted that in French Aromatic Medicine, no record of a carcinogenic risk is indicated, and no prohibition exists in the French pharmacy regulations.

Shirley Price’s Aromatherapy workbook says, “The question of ‘toxicity’ arises concerning basil because of its phenolic ether content, made up of methyl chavicol and eugenol. If either is present in high proportions, it may need to be used with care.” Basil varieties range from 3-85% methyl chavicol and 1-60% eugenol.

Research shows that oil tested with a high percentage of methyl chavicol was found not toxic, and a well-known French authority states there are no contraindications when it is used in the recommended doses. —(no more than 4%) Shirley Price, Aromatherapy Workbook, pg. 95.

Tisserand, pg. 202, says it is potentially carcinogenic, based on its estragole and methyl eugenol content; it may inhibit blood clotting. It should not be taken orally. Purchon and Cantele, pg. 35, say it may not be appropriate for those with epilepsy. Please do not use it with hormone-sensitive cancers. Please do not use it internally. Use at a maximum of 1% on the skin. Do not use during pregnancy, nursing, by infants, or over extended periods.

Class Project- Lynda Hughes

An Ode To Basil

Oh Basil
King of the Herbs
You are named King because of your unique and incomparable properties.
Here are a couple of kinds of basil I am growing.  Thai basil and common basil.
Your family of origin is the Lamiaceae Family
The Devas of Versatility
You come from far away
India, Mediterranean, Europe, North Africa and Florida
It is said in days of yore, you were added to the cauldron
Of witches’ brew for astral projection or out-of-body experience
You are known as a sorcerer’s herb, especially for Erzul
A voodoo love goddess
Who is worshiped in Hatti
At one of our Northern Star college get-togethers
A student brought crackers with cheese and fresh basil
Oh yum yum
Your beautiful tender leaves and flowering tops
Are steam distilled to make
“Essential oil” for us
Your generosity is world-renowned
And we love you
Oh Basil
We use your oil for mental stimulation
To clear our thoughts and our mind
You are so uplifting and settling when we
Experience anxiety, hysteria, and depression
Or plain old mental fatigue
While driving, you increase awareness of your surroundings
It is excellent to use while meditating
Those who make this essential oil a daily part of their lives
Achieve strength and clarity
Oh Basil
Your essential oil is good as
Insect repellent or insect bites or stings
Those nasty little creatures
Your uses are many
It can be used for oily skin, eczema, shingles and acne
Dilute with your favourite carrier oil
For hair growth, aches, pains or arthritis
Nausea, gas, indigestion
Even in cases of chemotherapy or hiccups
Also, for circulation to stimulate blood flow
And decongest veins like varicose veins
Just rub onto the issue area
Oh Basil
We can diffuse your oil
To restore our sense of smell
After a head cold, lousy cough or sinus trouble
Oh Basil
We must remember that overuse produces a stupefying effect.
It is not to be taken orally as an essential oil
No use if you are pregnant or breastfeeding
Please do not use it on young children

SCENT IMPRESSIONS SHEET

Oil Name Latin Name-

First Impression-

Second Impression-

What is most memorable about this oil’s properties?

How might I use it in my life? (Practical Application)

Scent Description –

Reminds me of:

It makes me feel:

Hairy Basil

Ocimum canum

O. canum/americanum

From: East Africa

Contains 60-90% linalool. Hairy Leaves. There is also a chemotype camphor with up to 60% of this constituent.

Uses: Antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, anti-catarrh.

Circulation: Problems with return venous circulation and varicose veins.

Flavouring: Very spicy and enjoyed as a condiment when used as a fresh plant.

Cautions: Avoid during pregnancy and with babies. It may be carcinogenic in high doses due to methyl chavicol.- Sheppard-Hanger.

I’m sharing information on Hairy Basil for you to look at. We will not make a video about this oil.

Holy Basil

Ocimum sanctum or  O. tenuiflorum

From: India

Steam Distilled Whole Plant

Class: Phenol

3 Key Constituents: Eugenol (35-67%), 1,8 cineole, estragole.

In Ayurvedic medicine, it is called Tulsi. The herb is an adaptogen that balances the hormonal and endocrine systems without altering the body’s chemistry. It has also been known as the Elixir of Life.

It was diffused for Meditation by Ayurvedic Practitioners. Holy basil was celebrated in the Puranas-Hindu texts (Vedas) to facilitate expanded states of awareness.

(I find it very strong-smelling for this purpose. Try blending it with essential oils mentioned in the Perfumery component of Sweet Basil, above).

Hair and Skin: Dilute and apply externally for ringworm and itching. There are some indications it may be helpful for leprosy, but always seek a doctor’s attention quickly if this illness is suspected. This oil can be irritating to the skin.

Muscles and Joints: Dilute in a carrier and apply to the body for an antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory effect—any smooth muscle spasm. Magnesium sulphate (Epsom salts) used in a bath or as a poultice is also helpful for muscle spasms.

Circulation: When mixed with Cypress oil and rubbed into the body, it is suitable for varicose veins. It is soothing to the cardiovascular system—it calms it down. It reduces high cortisol levels.

Digestive: In herbal form, holy basil may be suitable for hypoglycemia. The oil, however, may lower blood sugar. In a randomized, PC, single-masked trial, the leaves reduced blood sugar levels in type two diabetic volunteers: Agrawai et al., Int J Clinger’s Pharmacol 1996 September.

Immune: Antifungal—dilute and apply to the area. At 4.5% concentration, it completely inhibits the growth of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Yamani et al., Front Microbiol, May 17, 2016.

Nervous System: Holy Basil has a calming effect on anxious people. It is a favourite oil, diffused for meditation. It improves memory, cognition, and sleep issues.

Endocrine: Supports thyroid and reduces cortisol levels.

Spiritual and Mythological: It is thought to be a sacred plant. It is named after the Goddess Tulsi, Goddess of Birth and Death.

According to Wikipedia, The Tulsi plant is the holiest of all plants.

It is known as a threshold point between heaven and earth. A traditional prayer tells that Brahma resides in its branches, the Ganges flows through its roots, all deities are in its stem and leaves, and the Hindu scriptures – the Vedas are in the upper part of its branches. It is considered a household god, particularly a “Women’s deity.” It is called “the central sectarian symbol of Hinduism,” and Vaishnavas consider it “the manifestation of a god in the vegetable kingdom. The Tulsi plant is grown in or near almost every Hindu house. A house with a Tulsi plant is sometimes considered a place of pilgrimage”, says Wikipedia.

Cautions: Not safe for children or pregnant women. Anti-fertility, abortive. Do not use if epileptic. Drug interactions may inhibit blood clotting, moderate risk of skin sensitization, and low risk of mucous membrane irritation. Tisserand pg. 204.

Fill out the Scent Impressions Sheet for Holy Basil in your accompanying journal for Practical Potions:

Catnip-

(Nepeta cataria)

CLASS- ketones

CONSTITUENTS- Yield can be up to 0.7%. The main constituents and perhaps the most important are nepetalactone/nepetalic acid (80-95%), camphor, caryophyllene oxide, dihydro-nepetalactone, humulene, thymol, pulegone, citronellal, carvacrol, aldehyde esters, and hydroxy lactone.

Nepetalactone is related to repellent secretions from certain types of insects.

Our favourite use of catnip, e.o., is as an insect repellant.

Work in England is looking at nepetalactone and related molecules as a renewable resource for producing insect semiochemicals. Lacewings, for example, utilize nepetalactone to locate aphids and other prey. Birkett et al., Phytochemistry 2003 62:5.

The oil is used in aromatherapy for its analgesic and antispasmodic activity. It combines very well with fennel for colic and stomach aches in children, relieves menstrual cramping, and brings on delayed periods when combined with wild mint. These essential oils would be diluted in a carrier oil and rubbed into the affected area. Please do not use it on children under 3.

Work by Gilani et al., Journal of Ethnopharmacology 121:3 found the oil spasmolytic and myorelaxant due to inhibition of calcium channels and PDE.

The content of pulegone may contribute to this effect. Flamini et al. (Italy 1999) found that the pulegone content of catnip oil is very antimicrobial against all forms of Salmonella.

Catnip oil shows activity against all 11 bacteria and 12 fungi against which it was tested. Adiquzel et al, Polish Journal of Microbiology 2009 58:1.

Nepetalactone is very similar in chemical molecular structure to valepotriates found in valerian.

Work by Peterson and Coats tested female mosquitoes with nepetalactone and found that 80% had moved to the untreated side after ten minutes. In lower doses, 75% had moved away. When similar tests were conducted using DEET, a compound found in many commercial insect repellents, ten-fold higher concentrations had to be used to obtain a similar repellent effect. Pesticide Outlook 2001 12:4.

Purchon and Cantele pg. 44, say the nepetalactone chemotype of catnip essential oil repels mosquitoes ten times more effectively than DEET.

The essential oil may be effective against mosquitoes, including malaria-carrying Anopheles and Culex species, brown ear ticks, and red poultry mites. Birkett et al., Phytochemistry 2011 72:1.

Digestive: Put 3% catnip essential oil into a 97% carrier and rub into the tummy clockwise for stomach cramps and gas. It is anti-spasmodic and astringent.

Respiratory: Purchon and Cantele (pg 44) suggest adding 1-2 drops of catnip oil to the same amount of peppermint or cypress in a diffuser to relieve nasal congestion. The antimicrobial and antiseptic qualities will also help disinfect the space.

The LD50 of catnip oil is 1300 mg/kg. Remember that catnip oil is heavier than water if you are attempting to steam distill the plant yourself.

More Research:

Antimicrobial Activity Against Skin Pathogens:
A 2024 study demonstrated the efficacy of Nepeta cataria essential oil in combating various pathogens responsible for canine skin infections, highlighting its potential as a natural antimicrobial agent.
Full Citation: Borlace, G.N., Singh, R., Seubsasana, S., Chantaranothai, P., Thongkham, E., & Aiemsaard, J. (2024). Antimicrobial effects of catnip (Nepeta cataria L.) essential oil against canine skin infection pathogens. Veterinary World, 17(3), 585–592. (Veterinary World)​​ (Directory of Open Access Journals – DOAJ)

Antioxidant and Phytochemical Profile:
Research from 2022 highlighted the rich phytochemical profile of Nepeta cataria and its antioxidant potential, suggesting broad applications in the food, agriculture, and pharmaceutical industries.
Full Citation: Nadeem, A., Shahzad, H., Ahmed, B., Muntean, T., Waseem, M., & Tabassum, A. (2022). Phytochemical profiling of antimicrobial and potential antioxidant plant: Nepeta cataria. Frontiers in Plant Science. (Veterinary World)

Neuroprotective Effects:
A study evaluated the therapeutic potential of Nepeta cataria essential oil in treating Alzheimer’s disease, noting its effectiveness in improving memory functions in animal models, attributed to its anti-acetylcholinesterase activity.
Full Citation: “Studies on Therapeutic Potential of Essential Oils of Nepeta Cataria in Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease.” Asian Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2013, Issue 18. (Directory of Open Access Journals – DOAJ)​

Repellent Properties:
Catnip essential oil is recognized as a natural repellent against various arthropods, including mosquitoes and flies. This property is primarily attributed to the oil’s nepetalactone isomers.
Full Citation: “Repellent activity of catmint, Nepeta cataria, and iridoid.” ScienceDirect. (Veterinary World)​

Cautions: The oil is toxic to field mice. Please do not take it internally. Please do not use it around children, pregnant or breastfeeding women. Please do not use it on children under the age of 3. Avoid in cases of epilepsy. There is a low risk of skin sensitization; it may have a psychotropic effect. Tisserand pg. 237

Our former cat, Ceres, loved the scent of catnip. As a kitten, she snuck into our aromatherapy blending area, which contains thousands of essential oil bottles. She gracefully picked up the catnip bottle with her teeth and brought it to my feet. I was impressed with her aromatic finesse; however, about 1/4 of cats react to catnip by becoming paranoid, much like some people respond to marijuana. Ceres was one of those cats. She would sit in one spot after exposure to catnip herb with Her eyes widened and trembled. We quickly cut off her herb & essential oil of choice.

On the other hand, one of our current cats, Frey, is a big fan of catnip.  Here, he is hoping for a dose. He picked this herb out from a basket with over twenty other herbs. Cats have a nose for catnip! The essential oil is too strong, stick to the herb.

 

Pet- Toxicity Alert-

Protect your animals from essential oils, as they can die from a toxic overdose. This may happen when the animals get into a carelessly stored essential oil bottle or, more likely, lick their fur, which their well-meaning humans have put essential oil onto for one purpose or another. Please do not put neat essential oils onto your pet’s fur. Even diluted oils are usually too potent for this purpose. A few holistic vets will use aromatherapy knowledgeably.

Hyssop-Giant Anise

(Agastache foeniculum)

CLASS: esters, aldehydes, terpenes, ketones

Steam distilled from flowering aerial parts

CONSTITUENTS: methyl chavicol (2-85%), germacrene D (13-20%), anisaldehyde, methone, p-methoxy cinnamaldehyde, limonene (0-48%), cadinene, pulegone, bornyl acetate, linalool, (E)-ocimene (8-9%) and 50 other constituents. Anise hyssop sometimes contains spathulenol; in plants low in methyl chavicol, the spathulenol tends to be high (10-49%). This component has a balsamic odour.

Plants grown in northern Alberta exhibit up to 20% caryophyllene oxide content and less than 5% carvone.

Essential oil content is approximately 0.07-2.45% in the leaf and is slightly higher in flowers (0.1- 3.0%).

Properties of the oil are anti-spasmodic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-infectious, and nervine.

The oil is used medicinally for gastritis, hepatitis, stomach and intestinal cramping, nerve pain, anxiety, congestive prostate inflammation, varicose veins, and other venous circulatory disturbances and polyarthritis.

The essential oil is not produced commercially on the prairies but is available from producers from Oregon.

Many industries demand methyl chavicol as a fractionated product. It is used to manufacture perfumes, liqueurs, foods, and root beer.

It can also be chemically modified to anethole and anisaldehyde and used in colour photography, soaps, dentifrices, etc.

The recommended harvest time is during the bud formation.

Significant aromatic variation is found within the species. Methyl chavicol is highly prized. One variety containing 29% gamma cadinene, 16% alpha cadinol, 12% beta-caryophyllene, and 11% spathulenol is more woody and floral. The oil is more balsamic when spathulenol is present at 50% with 18% bornyl acetate. Another variation is 37% iso menthone, 23% pulegone, and 2% estragole, and as expected, it has a peppermint, pennyroyal, and tarragon scent.

Work at Brooks CDC in 1990 found an essential oil yield of 343.7 litres per hectare or 0.66%.

Extra Research:

Antioxidant and Anti-hyperglycemic Properties (2023):

A study highlighted the significant antioxidant and anti-hyperglycemic effects of Agastache foeniculum essential oil. The research found that the oil’s phenylpropanoids and terpenoids help reduce oxidative stress and improve insulin sensitivity, making it beneficial for managing diabetes. The essential oil decreased the activity of superoxide-producing enzymes while increasing superoxide-removing enzymes, thereby lowering oxidative stress and hyperglycemia-related damage​ (Researcher App)​​ (OUCI).

Antimicrobial Activity (2023):

Studies have demonstrated that Agastache foeniculum essential oil possesses significant antimicrobial activity against various bacteria and fungi. This indicates its potential application as a natural preservative in treating infections, highlighting its broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties​ (OUCI).

Anti-inflammatory Effects (2023):

Research on the anti-inflammatory properties of Agastache foeniculum essential oil revealed its effectiveness in chronic inflammatory conditions such as arthritis. The oil’s high concentration of flavonoids and phenolic compounds contributes to its anti-inflammatory effects, providing potential therapeutic benefits for inflammatory diseases​ (OUCI).

Caution: Do not use it with children, pregnant women or while breastfeeding. Please do not use it on children under 3. Please do not take it internally or use it with pets.

Do not use with people with epilepsy.

Hyssop – Hyssopus officinalis subspecies officinalis

From: Mediterranean, France, Southern Europe, Hungary, England, Western Asia, and the Alps.

Hyssop is a bushy perennial. Its leaves are sometimes used in salads. It flavours the liqueurs Benedictine and Grande Chartreuse.

In ancient Rome, it was believed to protect against plagues and left at gravesites to preserve the dead. In the Bible, God tells priests to use hyssop with cedarwood and other ingredients to heal a skin disease (leprosy?).

It is colourless to pale yellowish-green, with a sweet herbaceous, fresh, warm, spicy odour and sweet-honey base notes. The yield is poor, hence its high price: one kilo of oil from 200-300 kilograms of fresh or partially dried herb.

Class: ketones, including monoterpenes (35-80%) and sesquiterpenes (12%).

3 Key Constituents: Pinocamphone (12-56%), Isopinocamphone (25-39%), beta-Pinene (12-23%). (Lawrence, 1989 p. 110, 1999c p. 58-60)

Favourite Use: Diffused to thin and expel thick mucous.

Steam-distilled flowering tops and leaves. It is a favourite of butterflies and bees.

Hair and Skin: Used externally and diluted, this oil may be helpful for dermatitis, acne, cuts, and eczema. It relieves irritation from itching and flaking skin, as well as bruises. It is useful for stretch marks and scars—try it with a rosehip seed carrier. As a hydrosol compress, it may be beneficial for eyelid infections.

Digestive: Dilute and apply externally for colic, bloating, gas, and indigestion. When tested against isolated intestinal tissue, the oil has muscle-relaxing properties. Lu et al., Planta Medica 2002 March.

Respiratory: Diffuse for respiratory issues- but ensure you do not use if someone has epilepsy. It may ease tightness in the chest, & chest inflammations. It is said to liquefy and help eliminate bronchial mucous, emphysema, pneumonia, whooping cough, sore throat, sinusitis, and tonsillitis. Valnet (1980) says it neutralizes TB at 0.2 parts per 1000. It is anti-viral and anti-spasmodic. It is very effective for damp, cold, and congestive respiratory conditions. Its ketone-rich nature resolves mucus overproduction and eliminates congestion by loosening hardened phlegm and promoting expectoration. Combine with niaouli for acute viral infections or black spruce/pine for chronic congestion, hardened sputum and cough. For spasmodic cough, combine with basil ct. methylchavicol.

Muscles and Joints: Dilute and apply externally for contusions, traumas, rheumatism, and gout pain. For bruises, apply a cold compress soon after the bruise has appeared. Dilute and rub a couple of drops into the shoulders to help relax. Reduces muscle pain and spasms.

Immune: Diffuse to use against some forms of staphylococcus and pneumococcus. Colds, flu, swollen glands-anti-infectious, according to Sheppard-Hanger. The oil may be helpful for herpes simplex type two virus. Koch et al., Phytomedicine 2008 January.

Genito: Used in a bath, it may stimulate menstrual flow and ease cystitis. Diluted and used as a rub, Hyssop may lessen water retention.

Mental and Nervous System: Diffused, it may be helpful for anxiety, hysteria, and fatigue. It may heighten concentration and focus, “clear the head” and vision, and deepen concentration. It may help promote creativity.

Perfumery: It is an ingredient of chartreuse liqueur, and you may recognize the scent.

It has a camphoraceous scent, warm. Top- mid-note. Odour Intensity-mid.

It blends with bay, citrus, clary sage, geranium, laurel, lavender, myrtle, rosemary, and sage.

Spiritual & Mythological: Hyssop has a history of being used to purify sacred locations. Raises spirituality before rituals. Patricia Davis said the herb may have been made into a broom or strewn around. In her book Aromatherapy, An A-Z, she mentions it disinfects rooms and protects from infections. The Eastern Orthodox Church adopted the practice of sprinkling hyssop water to cleanse people and objects in ritual ceremonies. This originates from Roman Catholic asperges, the sprinkling of holy water. The standard Gregorian chant intoned at the start of Asperges goes Asperges me, Domine hyssop et mandator, “sprinkle me, Lord, with hyssop, and I will be purified.” Holmes (2019:247).

Hyssop is used in broom form to sweep the altar. It has historically been used to clear negative energy out of a room. Benedictine Monks used the herb in soups, sauces, and liqueurs. “On an energetic and spiritual level, Hyssop was a perfect companion to those men and women who sought to explore the path of reclusion and who subconsciously benefited from its enduring support of their contemplative practices. Holmes (2019: 248).

It was mentioned in the Bible as a treatment for leprosy. Leviticus 14:49

In Exodus 12, it was mixed with lamb’s blood to protect the Israelites from the angel of death, who came to the firstborn of the Egyptians.

Cautions: Avoid during pregnancy, with children, elders, and babies. Please don’t use it if you’re breastfeeding. Please do not take it internally. Avoid with people prone to epilepsy, asthma and high blood pressure. It may be neurotoxic and abortive. Orally, it may cause convulsions. Tisserand pg. 308. Pinocamphone (ketone) stimulates the nerves and can cause seizures in sensitive individuals. It should be used in combinations and no more than 10% of the formula.

Could you fill out the Scent Impressions Sheet for this oil in your Journal?

Hyssop

Hyssopus officinalis var. decumbens. Also known as Hyssop linalool CT and H. montana.

From: France

Class: oxide, alcohol

3 Key Constituents: d-Linalool and trans-linalool oxide 48-60%), 1,8 Cineole (12-15%), +-Limonene. Due to much lower levels of ketones (<1.5%), this oil is considered safer for long-term use.

Respiratory: Use in a diffuser for these purposes: It is effective against some strep bacteria. Hyssop-variety decumbens is used as a sinus and lung decongestant. It may be helpful for asthma and inflammatory asthma, especially for children with inherited asthma. Bronchitis. Sheppard-Hanger, pg. 241. French practitioners use this chemotype for treating children’s respiratory issues, especially viral-related bronchitis, croup, pleurisy, and pneumonia.

Mental and Emotional: It aids nervous depression and anxiety. This oil has the same actions and indications as Hyssop officinalis above but might be a stronger nerve restorative and antidepressant in neurasthenia or chronic fatigue issues. This is due to the high content of d-linalool, trans-linalool oxide, 1,8 cineole, and relatively low levels of ketones.

More Research:

Antimicrobial Properties:
A study highlighted that hyssop essential oil possesses significant antimicrobial activities, particularly effective against bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, as well as various yeast and fungi species, including Candida albicans​ (Hindawi). https://www.hindawi.com/journals/omcl/2022/8442734/

Skin Health: Hyssop oil benefits skin health because of its antiseptic and antibacterial properties, making it an effective treatment for acne and other skin conditions. It helps regenerate skin cells, reducing the appearance of scars and wrinkles​ (Healthy Focus). https://healthyfocus.org/hyssop-essential-oil-benefits/

Antioxidant and Anticancer Potential: Research has shown that hyssop essential oil exhibits antioxidant activities, which are important for preventing oxidative stress and may contribute to cancer prevention. The oil’s components, like pinocamphone and isopinocamphone, were studied for their potential to inhibit cancer cell growth​ (Hindawi)​. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/omcl/2022/8442734/

Anti-inflammatory and Muscle Relaxation: Hyssop oil has been noted for its anti-inflammatory properties and its ability to relieve muscle pain and cramps, making it useful for conditions like rheumatism and arthritis​ (Healthy Focus). https://healthyfocus.org/hyssop-essential-oil-benefits/

Mental Well-being: Inhaling hyssop oil may help alleviate stress and anxiety, be calming and contribute to overall mental well-being​ (Healthy Focus)​. https://healthyfocus.org/hyssop-essential-oil-benefits/

Cautions: Avoid during pregnancy and with babies. Do not use with epilepsy. Maybe a slight skin sensitizer. It is less toxic than H. officinalis because it is ketone-free.

Lavender

Lavandula angustifolia

SYNONYMS-  L. vera,  L. officinalis

From the Mediterranean, England, France, Croatia, Tasmania, Bulgaria, and PNW of the USA.

Class: esters (40-45%), alcohol—according to Mindy Green, Natural Perfumes, pg. 39 contains about 160 constituents, while lavandin and spike lavender contain more than 60 chemical constituents.

3 Key Constituents are Linalool, linalyl acetate, and Lavandulyl acetate. (This will vary according to where the lavender is grown.) (Schmidt 2003) pg 327, Tisserand.

Lavender is sometimes sold at 50/52, which means it contains 50/52% esters, while 40/42 has fewer esters. Purchon and Cantele pg. 71. Plants grown at a higher altitude often create more esters, which are responsible for the sedating effect of lavender. Wild lavender growing at 500-1600 meters has tiny blossoms and has the most beautiful fragrance. This is more costly because of hand harvesting and lower yield. Cultivated lavender is either population (fertile) or clonal (sterile), the latter more cost-effective but more straightforward and less exciting and practical.

Steam distilled from flowering tops- true lavender has small, delicate flower heads. The yield is one kilogram of 100-150 kilograms of herbs. It was wild-harvested until the 1920s when cultivation began—adulteration with cheaper, large-scale lavendin. Synthetic linalool and fractions of Ho leaf oil were also used.

Lavender is a virtual panacea, the most popular essential oil in the Western Hemisphere. It has been produced since the early 1500s. The name lavender comes from the Latin lavare, meaning “to cleanse,” as in cleansing stagnant emotional states or controlling volatile tempers.

My favourite use is to calm down, but Lavender is a virtual first aid kit in a bottle. It induces relaxation and restores mental and emotional balance. It helps resolve distressed and stuck emotions.

Hair and Skin: Dilute and apply externally. Lavender is a cellular regenerator. It can prevent scarring and stretch marks. Use on fresh burns. Mix with a carrier oil of calendula, aloe, or rosehip seed oil and lightly spray on sun-damaged skin. It may also be helpful for rashes and skin infections. It is useful for all skin types. Lavender balances sebum, dry eczema, psoriasis, scabs, scars, acne, bruises, and thread veins. It is a fabulous wound healer and may be helpful for boils, ringworm, abscesses, cuts, skin pain, and blisters.

Respiratory: Diffuse to ease a spasmodic cough, bronchitis, catarrh, and colds. Diffuse for asthma and sinus issues.

Add a drop to a cup of salt water and gargle for laryngitis. Dilute to .5% and use as a mouthwash for bad breath.

Muscles and Joints: Blend in a carrier oil and apply externally to reduce pain, spasms, sprains, strains, cramps, and chronic rheumatic pain. Bathe with a few drops of lavender oil and magnesium sulphate to relieve strained muscles and promote good sleep.

Lavender essential oil effectively relieves knee osteoarthritis pain in a randomized, controlled clinical trial Nasiri A et al., Complement Ther Clin Pract 2016 25:75-80.

Dilute and massage the head, temples, neck, and shoulders for headaches, especially stress-related ones. You can also apply a cold compress on the forehead or back of the neck.

Circulation: Dilute with a carrier oil and massage onto the skin—it may help balance blood pressure. Lavender may ease heart palpitations and circulatory deficiency, act as a lymph detox, and be helpful for edema. Patricia Davis, in Aromatherapy A-Z, pg. 199, uses it in baths and massages to treat palpitations but also suggests looking at lifestyle choices.

Immune: Diffused, it may be helpful for flu, infections, typhus, and tuberculosis. It may help resolve early-stage and late-type fevers, calm heat irritability, reduce aches and pains, and resolve spasms and coughs.

Dilute and apply to the area for teething pain and insect bites. Please make sure there is no allergy or sensitivity before doing this.

More Research:

Stress Reduction and Sleep Improvement:

Lavender oil’s relaxing effects, as noted in the study, significantly improve sleep quality and reduce stress and anxiety levels, supporting its use in aromatherapy to enhance mental well-being and sleep health (Lavender Oil for Anxiety and Sleep: A Comprehensive Review, Sleep Medicine Reviews, 2023).

Serotonin-1A Receptor Binding:

Silexan significantly reduced serotonin-1A receptor binding potential in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind cross-over study, indicating its efficacy in reducing anxiety-related restlessness without sedative effects (Baldinger P et al., Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2014).

Steiner says it stabilizes physical, astral, and etheric planes. Linalyl acetate helps protect and restore the nerves. “Lavender is the aromatic equivalent of a remedy such as Skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora), for instance.” Holmes (2016:236).

Lavender influences serum melatonin levels in both men and women. Velasco-Rodriguez, R. et al. Complement Ther Med 2019 47, 102208.

TCM: Lavender nourishes Yin, activates Qi, clears heat, and calms Shen. “Chinese medicine describes these conditions as various syndromes of Yin deficiency, including Heart Yin deficiency with Shen agitation. Lavender can both strengthen and relax the heart, while in the circulation, it will treat hypertension with poor arterial and capillary percussion.” Holmes (2016:236).

Perfumery: Floral, herbaceous, flowery, middle note.

Odor intensity: mid

Blends with bergamot and other citruses, cedar, clary, clove, fir,  florals, geranium, labdanum, monarda, oakmoss, patchouli, pine needle, rosemary, and vetiver. It is a very old-fashioned herbal scent.

An absolute is also produced from the oil, which some people prefer in perfumery. It is thicker and smells more “green.” The scent odour of the absolute is mid-high.

Spiritual and Myths: Purifying, used to avert the evil eye and to create love potions.

Cautions: Lavender may cause dermatitis in some people. As with most essential oils, it can cause allergies. It is also an anticoagulant and blood thinner, so please remember this if you are on medications. Overall, it is very safe.

Lavandula angustifolia is frequently adulterated with L. x intermedia and linalool derived from ho wood, eucalyptus, and white camphor fractions.

Lavender Deodorant Mist-

This deodorant is helpful for people who react to beeswax or other substances that might clog the pores. Caution- Always patch test for sensitivity before full use.

Ingredients
15 ml aloe vera gel
15 ml lavender floral water
45 ml rose floral water
30 ml witch hazel
Two drops of lavender essential oil

One drop of rose otto or roman chamomile (optional)

Procedure
Measure the ingredients and add them to a fine mist spray bottle. Shake well to combine and spray on your underarm area after showering or when your underarms need freshening. Shake well before each use.

Lavender Bath Milk Video
Lynda Hughes, School Project

Robert Tisserand has done extensive research on lavender oil. His synopsis of its benefits and possible cautions is worth reading and is available in the link below.

Lavender Oil Skin Savior or Skin Irritant?

Note- Lavender Absolute- causes more skin reactions than lavender essential oil.

The Song of Lavender was recorded with the music of the plant’s machine reflecting the actual sounds Lavender produced.

 

 

Could you record your impression of this oil in your Journal?

Lavandin

Dutch Lavender

Lavandula hybrida, or Lavandula intermedia

From: Europe, Italy, France, Morocco.

Class: ester, alcohol, ketone

3 Key Constituents: Linalool, Linalyl acetate, and camphor. (Lawrence 1989 p. 241-243).

Steam distilled from flowers. It is widely grown for its high essential oil content (3%) and high yield. Over one thousand tons a year are produced in France, mainly for industrial and clinical purposes. It is lower in esters (c. 25%) and higher in camphor (5-16%).

Lavandin is the love child of Lavandula angustifolia crossed with spike lavender (L. latifolia).

About 20 times more Lavandin is produced than Lavender, as Lavender is more difficult to cultivate or pick wild.

Favourite Use: Lavandin has healing effects similar to true lavender but is even better at healing burns.

Respiratory: Anticatarrhal, antiviral; Purchon and Cantele pg. 71.

Lavandin is more stimulating than lavender, so use true lavender for sedation.

However, according to Purchon and Cantele, pg. 71 A hospital study investigated the use of lavandin and found it to be an effective, low-cost and low-risk alternative to anxiety medication by reducing pre-operative stress.

Lavandin is better suited for muscular, respiratory and circulatory problems than true lavender. Veterinary use: antiseptic, dermatosis, scabies.

Research:

Antimicrobial and Antifungal Activities

The antimicrobial properties of Lavandula x intermedia essential oil, particularly the ‘Grosso’ cultivar, have been demonstrated against various pathogenic bacteria and fungi. This suggests its potential application in treating infections and as a natural preservative in food industries​ (MDPI)​​ (MDPI)​.

Cautions: Safe, but slightly more irritating to skin than true lavender. Please do not take it internally. Reactions can occur from taking lavandin internally with aspirin and anticoagulant medications. Purchon & Cantele pg. 71. Dilute well; do not use it straight on the skin. Be careful with the first three months of pregnancy, nor while breastfeeding. There is a moderate risk of skin sensitizing: Tisserand, pg 324.

The Song of Lavandin was recorded with the music of the plant’s device, which captured the actual music Lavandin produced.

Could you record your impression of this oil in your Journal?

Lavender Spike

Lavandula latifolia

From: Mediterranean (Spain, France, Dalmatia)

Class: alcohol, monterpenols, oxide

3 Key Constituents: Linalool, 1.8 Cineole (16-39%), camphor (8-16%). (Lawrence 1989 p. 241-243). Monoterpenols are 34-50%.

Steam-distilled flowering spikes.

Hair and Skin -Dilute and apply to skin for burns, fungal infections, insect bites, ringworm, and wound healing, which facilitates abscesses to come to a head. Sheppard-Hanger pg. 265

If you use it for acne, many people can tolerate it non-diluted but only put it directly on the spot and avoid surrounding skin. I have, however, seen cases of people reacting to it applied neatly, so it is best to dilute. (Young, fragile, sensitive-skinned people and those with asthma and allergies are most prone to reactions).

Respiratory: Diffuse for bronchitis, coughs, rhinitis and congestion.

Add a drop of warmed olive oil or mullein carrier and drop into the ear for simple infections.

Add a drop to a glass of salt water and gargle for laryngitis or a sore throat.

Muscles and Joints: Dilute in a carrier and rub gently for muscle pain, neuralgia, and rheumatoid arthritis. Spike lavender is good for relieving pain and cleaning cuts and scrapes.

Immune: Diffuse or use in a bath for flu and viral infections. It may act like a gentle immune stimulant, quite suited for children.

Genito: Dilute and rub into the pelvis to induce menstruation and regulate and ease cramps.

Mental and Nervous System: Dilute with a carrier and rub into shoulders, temples, and neck for depressive headaches.

Research:

Antibacterial and Antifungal Properties (2023):
Research demonstrated that Spike Lavender oil possesses vigorous antibacterial and antifungal activities, making it beneficial for treating skin infections and improving overall skin health. The study emphasizes the oil’s effectiveness against various pathogenic bacteria and fungi.
Silva, N., et al. (2023). Antibacterial and antifungal activities of essential oils from different species of Lavandula. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 17(2), 34-42.

Anxiety and Stress Reduction (2021):
A clinical study found that inhalation of Spike Lavender oil can significantly reduce stress and anxiety levels in adults. This study contributes to understanding the oil’s therapeutic potential for mental health care.
Johnson, R., et al. (2021). The effect of aromatherapy on stress and anxiety levels: A clinical trial. International Journal of Aromatherapy, 31, 100345.

Anti-inflammatory Effects (2022)
This study highlights the anti-inflammatory properties of Spike Lavender oil, suggesting its potential use in soothing inflammatory conditions such as arthritis or dermatitis.
Park, J., & Lee, D. (2022). Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory effects of essential oils from Lavandula species. Phytotherapy Research, 36(1), 214-223.

This should not be taken internally. Avoid during pregnancy and while breastfeeding. Dilute before using on the skin. There is a moderate risk of skin sensitizing. Tisserand, pg 329; it may be mildly neurotoxic.

Could you record your impression of this oil in your Journal?

Lavender Spanish (Stoechas)

Lavandula stoechas is the most important. It is also called Spanish Lavender, Arabian Lavender or Sea Lavender.

From: France, Spain

Steam distilled flowers

Class: ketones (70-80%)

3 Key Constituents: Camphor (15-30%), (+)-Fenchone (48%), 1,8 cineole, and minor amounts of verbenone.

Hair and Skin: For insect stings and scar tissue, dilute with a carrier for external application.

Respiratory: Diffuse for chronic bronchitis, congestion, sinusitis, and colds.

Muscles and Joints: Dilute and apply to skin to reduce rheumatic pain and inflammation. In a randomized controlled trial of 48 patients with mild-to-moderate carpal tunnel syndrome, topical application with orthotic treatment was more effective than orthotic and placebo. Eftekharsadat, B. et al. Journal Hand Ther 2018 31(4): 437-442.

Immune: Lavender stoechas is powerful and anti-infectious (especially for pseudomonas bacteria), as well as ostitis and severe earache. Shepherd-Hanger pg. 265.

Purchon and Cantele pg. 72, say Current research suggests lavender stoechas may effectively treat hyperglycemia. In a study on rats, it helped protect against diabetes. They also mention another study that suggested lavender and lavender stoechas produced a more significant antimicrobial effect against MSSA and MRSA than the individual oils.

Cautions: Lavender stoechas may increase blood pressure. Avoid with babies and children while pregnant or breastfeeding. Please do not take it internally or use it with pets. It may irritate the skin.

Marjoram Sweet

Origanum maiorana or Marjorana hortensis

From: Egypt, France, Tunisia, Hungary, Asia

Steam distillation from leaves and flowers is also a CO2 extraction. The yield is moderate, producing one kg of oil from 160-200 kilograms of fresh plant material.

Class: alcohol, terpene, monoterpenols (50%).

3 Key Constituents: Terpinen-4-ol (14-24%), (Z)-Sabinene hydrate, Linalyl acetate (Lawrence 1989 p. 96-97)

Inhibits some bacteria and fungi.

The naming and correct identification of this group of herbs is difficult as there are 30+ species of marjoram classified as origanum (oregano). Even getting the same oil on the market consistently takes time and effort. We have had marjoram oil batches that smell perfumery, sweet and glorious and others that have a pungent, oregano odour.

In ancient Egypt, the herb was associated with Osiris, the god of constant death and rebirth. “Significantly, emotional rejuvenation results mainly from one’s ability to let go of long-held distressed emotions. For instance, as with Cypress, Marjoram traditionally supports grieving a personal loss. Marjoram is one of the best aromatic remedies for helping one release and resolve stuck, festering emotions. It performs this emotional renewal specifically by supporting us to regroup our true emotional resources, promote a resolution of conflicts and sort out contradictions.” Holmes (2016:263).

Favourite use: if it is a true marjoram with a sweet, perfumery scent, inhaling it is usually calming. The truth be told, my favourite use is culinary. I love this plant as a fresh herb, but a drop of true marjoram oil in olive oil, butter, or a white sauce is quite divine. Please ensure no allergies exist toward this plant and do not use it on anyone under 3. If it is a marjoram with an oregano edge, it does not have the same euphoric essence or taste. Sweet marjoram will smell a bit “perfumey” rather than antiseptic, a sweet herbaceous odour with mild woody undertones and lemony overtones.

Digestive: Dilute in carrier oil and rub into the tummy to dispel flatulence, stomach pain, colic and indigestion. The oil may prevent or help gastric ulcers.

Respiratory: Try diffusing marjoram to address nervous conditions or difficulty breathing, coughs, spasmodic coughs, asthma, rhinitis, whooping cough, colds, sinusitis, otitis, pharyngitis, and bronchitis. It helps to loosen mucous and increases perspiration.

Gargle a drop of marjoram in a cup of salt water for laryngitis.

Muscles and Joints: Dilute and massage into the body to help relieve the pain of arthritis, muscle aches, sprains, strains, spasms, stiff joints, neuromuscular contractions, and rheumatoid arthritis. Tense muscles with pain, spasms, and tension are also helped.

In one study, patients with arthritis found relief from a blend of marjoram, lavender, eucalyptus, rosemary, and peppermint. Reduced perception of pain and depression was noted compared to a control group. Kim et al., Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi 2005 (Feb).

In another study, a blend of marjoram, black pepper, lavender, and peppermint showed significant benefits in ten areas of neck pain compared to the control. Ou et al., J Altern Complement Med 2014 (Oct).

Rub into the temples to relieve headaches, especially migraines.

Circulation: According to Sheppard-Hanger, pg. 327, marjoram may help hypertension, increase vasodilation, lower blood pressure, and ease palpitations and irregular heartbeat.

Its ability to dilate arteries and small blood vessels makes it an ideal massage oil for arthritis and joint and muscle pain. This property helps with fainting, headaches, migraines, and high blood pressure. Purchon and Cantele pg. 82.

Genito: Regulates menstrual cycle, relieves painful periods, and PMS and moodiness. Uterine spasms and curbs excessive sexuality – known as an anaphrodisiac- Sheppard-Hanger, pg. 327.

Mental and Nervous System: True marjoram may help with hyperactivity, hysteria, stress, claustrophobia, and epilepsy. This oil is a deep sedative and aids sleep. They are tranquillizing and lightly narcotic- Sheppard-Hanger, pg. 327. It may be helpful for headaches, including migraines. Combines well with lavender. Like clary sage, it is a reliable cerebral sedative for acute mental agitation or insomnia. Like the herb Valerian, it is both relaxing and therapeutic.  And like the essential oil Helichrysum, it helps address deep-seated emotional conflict and instability at its root.

Immune: Anti-bacterial, including Pseudomonas species.

TCM: Activates Qi, calms the Liver, and harmonizes Shen.  Combine with petitgrain, blue tansy or ylang-ylang to harmonize Shen and relax constraints. For liver and heart Qi, combine with mandarin or blue tansy. Combine with fennel, carrot seed or cypress in cases of Bladder Qi constraint with irritated, painful, dripping urination. For Liver Yang rising with headache, dizziness, tinnitus and muscle tension, combine with clary sage, lavender or neroli. For severe menstrual cramps and to activate Qi and Blood and promote menstruation, combine with clary sage, rosemary, angelica root or nutmeg. For Heart Yin deficiency/Heart Fire with palpitations, insomnia and hot spells, combine with May chang (Litsea cubeba), lime, patchouli or helichrysum.

Perfumery: True marjoram has an herbal, camphoraceous, perfume-like odour. It is a mid-top note with a mid-range odour intensity.

Blends with bergamot, black pepper, cedarwood, chamomile, cypress, eucalyptus, geranium, juniper, lavender, mandarin, nutmeg, orange, patchouli, peppermint, petitgrain, rosemary, rosewood, tea-tree, and ylang.

Mythology and Spirituality: Its name means the joy of the mountain. In Natural Perfumes, Mindy Green says it was thought to bring peace to the dead. Pg. 41

It was a favourite of the Greek Goddess of Love, Aphrodite, and she said it was the smell of good luck. It is said to attract money and love. Possibly because of its ability to help sedate, it is also said to bring prophetic dreams.

Marjoram has also been used in bridal wreaths and to bring people out of depression. A Druid’s Herbal, pg. 155.

Caution: Avoid during pregnancy, breastfeeding and with children under 3. It may provoke asthma. Keep away from pets.

Could you record your impression of this oil in your Journal?

 

 

 

TAMING THE DRAGON–

A research study found that a blend of 3% essential oils, including marjoram, reduced the duration of menstrual pain in the 24 women studied (Purchon and Cantele, pg. 82). I have modified a recipe from that study.

 

Menstrual Pain Relief Blend:

Six drops lavender
Three drops clary
Three drops marjoram
Add to 30 mls. of carrier oil. Shake well and apply.

Marjoram-

Student Project, Michelle Lund

 

Melissa/Lemon Balm

Melissa officinalis

From: France, England, Bulgaria, USA, South Africa.

Class:  monoterpenoid aldehydes, sesquiterpenes (14-17%).

3 Key Constituents: Citral (62-72%), Geranial (20-37%), Neral (22-35%), beta-Carophyllene (Lawrence 1996d p. 59-60, 1999c p. 47). Citronellal is less than 10%. The oil is highly adulterated with cheap oils high in citral, such as citronella, lemon grass, litsea cubeba, lemon tea tree, or aldehyde fractions. Note that pure Melissa essential oil contains less than 10% citronellal. Some oils on the market are 100% synthesized.

Steam-distilled leaves and flowering tops are difficult to distill, and the yield is low, 0.01-0.4%. Distilling one kilo of oil may require up to 7000 kilograms of aerial parts, which is costly.

Melissa was mentioned in Historia Plantarum in 300 BC. Hildegard of Bingen mentions distilling its water in 1100 AD. Paracelsus based his elixir of longevity on the herb in the 16th century. The original Carmelite Water ( Eau des Carmes) was produced by the Carmelite monks of France in 1374. It was co-distilled with other plants in spring water and wine as a cordial (cor is Latin for heart). It became a popular pick-me-up and then a perfume. The oil was first recorded in 1550 by apothecaries in Frankfurt.

Favourite Use: My primary use of Melissa is to reduce my chances of getting a cold sore. According to Lawrence, 1994 it reduces the healing time for Herpes Simplex and lengthens the time before another occurrence.

This is very true for me. I am prone to cold sores whenever I am stressed or tired or have eaten too many nuts or nut-butters. I sleep with this oil beside my bedside table and apply it, neat, onto the spot when that distinct pre-cold sore tingle appears. It works when I catch the signal. Unfortunately, sometimes,  I sleep through the itch and wake up with a cold sore despite my best efforts. I also carry small bottles in my purse and car for this purpose. It is a costly essential oil that has often saved me from cold, sore breakouts.

Purchon and Cantele pg. Eighty-four say it can also be used for the topical treatment of genital herpes.

Hair and Skin: Melissa can be diluted for oily skin, acne, allergies, insect bites(especially wasps and bees), fungal infections, and wounds. For shingles, dilute in jojoba oil and spray on the skin. Some skin allergies also respond well to Melissa. Of course, it would be highly diluted. It may be helpful in blends for eczema.

Circulation: Melissa may lower blood pressure and ease palpitations and angina. It is calming and strengthens the heart. Sheppard-Hanger pg. 285.

Digestion can be diluted and rubbed onto the tummy for nausea, stomach cramps, and a sluggish liver. It stimulates bile—Duraford (1982) said it triples the volume of bile in 30 minutes. Therefore, it is considered a solid choleric and cholagogue. A mouse study found it lowered triglycerides by inhibiting sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c-dependent fatty acid synthesis (Jun et al., J Nutrition 2012 (March).

Endocrine: Do not use in hypothyroid conditions. It may help lower blood sugar.

Immune: It can relieve allergies, hay fever, and asthma (Purchon and Cantele, pg. 84). You may diffuse Melissa for colds, flu, fever, strep, and infections. It is highly antimicrobial and antifungal. There are less expensive oils to use for some of these purposes. It is an excellent antiviral for Herpes simplex one outbreak.

In vitro work by de Sousa et al., J Pharm Pharmacol 2004 (May), found that various human cancer cell lines were inhibited.

A hydrosol of Melissa helps regulate fever in children. (Roulier,1990).

Genito: Diffused or rubbed into the body, it may balance hormones and menstrual pain. Relieves cramps and spasms of the uterus.

Mental and Nervous System: Rubbing diluted Melissa into the temples may help with migraines. According to Sheppard-Hanger, it may be helpful for anxiety, depression, and mood swings because of PMS.

Melissa is very calming and may help with insomnia. May dispel fear and grief. Useful for panic attacks. Calms central nervous system. Melissa is a strong systemic cooling relaxant and thus is contraindicated in cold, hypotonic conditions, including poor circulation, hypotension, and neurasthenia. The oil is used for agitated or nervous depression associated with heat and tension. In this respect, it is used for acute, not chronic, inflammation and fever. Its primary indication is acute tense and hot conditions. It can help to resolve and uplift chronic negativity and disorientation. Dupont attributes its benefit to improving a malfunctioning pineal gland. It may be helpful in some cases of vertigo, vomiting, and nausea by diluting the application to the nape of the neck or back of the ears.

TCM: Clears heat, clarifies the Heart, activates Qi and calms Shen.  For Heart Yin deficiency with anxiety, palpitations and heat, combine with lime or spikenard. For fever and restlessness associated with Yang-ming stage heat and Shen agitation, consider combining lavender, lemon eucalyptus or lemongrass.

Perfumery: Lemony, fruity, Top-mid note.

Odour Intensity– Mild

Blends with basil, bay, chamomile, frankincense, geranium, ginger, guaiac wood, jasmine, juniper, lavender, lemon, neroli, petitgrain, rose, sandalwood, and ylang.

Mythology: Melissa is the name of a princess in Crete who was turned into a bee. Bees and nymphs who attended to Zeus, the Greek god, as children were called Melissa Priestesses as a symbol of purity. Melissa is another name for the Mother Goddess- the Queen Bee.

Cautions: Avoid during pregnancy. Please do not use it on children under 2 because of the aldehyde content. It may irritate susceptible skin, especially in concentrations over 1%. Citral, when taken orally, may increase ocular pressure. This is dangerous in cases of glaucoma. It can oxidize quickly. Please keep it in a dark bottle in the refrigerator. Tisserand pg. 351 recommends adding an antioxidant to guard against oxidization. There is a slight chance that it could interact with diabetes medications. If taken orally, it can react with many other drugs. Purchon and Cantele pg. 84.

Melissa Poem– Class Project by Lu Meissner

Click on the link below for Lu’s Poem
Lemon Balm

Could you record your impression of this oil in your Journal?

Teeth and Toothpaste

Toothpaste Advanced Formula Video- Minty Deva

This advanced formula will be presented using weight, not volume. You will need a scale when you make it. :) If you wish, you can return to it after completing Practical Potions, Advanced.

 

Check Out This Short Video- What Does This Toothpaste Look Like?

Download the recipe for this toothpaste and much more at the bottom of this section.

Care of Your Teeth- Alvin Danenberg, DDS. Provides some ideas.

Herbs and essential oils from the Lamiaceae family, such as peppermint, spearmint, and thyme, are frequently used in toothpaste and mouthwash, as they have strong anti-bacterial and disinfecting properties.

Although caring for your teeth is a deviation from aromatherapy, it is relevant to overall well-being. The Lamiaceae family is often helpful in mouth health. Strong teeth allow the first step of good digestion to occur. Here are some teeth-cleaning tips.

1. Always clean between your teeth 1-2 times per day. Good floss, Te Pe Easy Picks, and Gum Soft-Picks may be helpful. Refrain from flossing too aggressively.

2. Brush teeth (2-3 times daily) with round strokes, holding the brush at a 45-degree angle at your gum line. Then, sweep the brush downward to spit the debris into your mouth. Dr. Danenberg likes electric toothbrushes, as he says they are more efficient. He likes Sonicare or Oral-B Braun. Change toothbrushes often or disinfect them regularly with hydrogen peroxide.

Here is a video on the modified Bass Technique many holistic dentists recommend.

The downloads include toothpaste recipes. However, at home, I often alternate homemade toothpaste with a small container of baking soda. I may add a drop of peppermint, spearmint, fennel, cinnamon leaf, or myrrh. Stir the drop of essential oil in very thoroughly to avoid burning your mouth. Just dip your clean toothbrush in this mix to coat it and brush away. Baking soda is slightly abrasive and will remove light stains from the teeth.

Spitting into a Kleenex rather than the sink may be advised if you pull oil with coconut oil or use it when making your toothpaste. Coconut oil may clog your drains over time.

3. Most odour-causing bacteria are on the tongue, says Dr. Alvin. Invert a spoon to scrape your tongue gently. Start at the top and gently come downward. It takes about three strokes to cover your tongue. Spit out and wash the spoon.

4. A water pick on a low setting can be an excellent way to clean between the teeth. A water pick put on a moderate-high setting can tear gum tissue. You can add a few drops of hydrogen peroxide to the water to disinfect it more effectively.

Dr. D. also suggests vitamin K2 and spore-based probiotics improve the immune system of the gut and mouth.

For those on the Apprentice Ship Adventure, remember to take notes while watching the videos and studying the essential oil descriptions. If you have essential oils in the Lamiaceae Family (previously called Labiatae), bring them out to sniff or to make scent strips. Remember to fill in your record of your impression of the oils on your Scent Impression Sheets. https://www.northernstarcourses.com/lesson/f-the-scent-impressions-sheet/

A video of Robert discussing the
members of the Lamiaceae family

For all videos presented, make notes. Points may be discussed that are not in
your written course materials.

The download file at the bottom of this page contains your Practical Potions Accompanying Aromatic Journal for chapters one and two of the Lamiaceae family.

Downloads

Note that when creating recipes from the download booklet below, you may benefit by referring to Lamiaceae 2 (the next chapter of this online program). Lamiaceae 1 & 2 are just one family, divided due to size.

https://www.northernstarcourses.com/wp-content/uploads/unit2f-guide-Lamiaceae-Family-1-pdf.pdf