Orientation
Your animated helper will orient you to the course, so please spend a few minutes listening to her suggestions.
Read the essential oil descriptions, enjoy the pictures, and fill out scent impression sheets for the oils you can sniff.
Then, head to the Enchanted Atrium and Garden to thoroughly study your notes and enjoy the many videos. Robert has two for this family. Students have been intrigued by this oils group and have made significant contributions.
There is also a concise Voki video about the Mythology of Jasmine.
Here is a link to your Scent Impressions Sheet-https://www.northernstarcourses.com/lesson/f-the-scent-impressions-sheet/
Your download will be at the bottom of the page.
Assorted Essential Oil Families
Ambrette Seed
Malvaceae Family
Abelmoschus moschatus/Hibiscus abelmoschus
From: Europe, USA
Class: sesquiterpenols
3 Key Constituents: (E,E)-Farnesyl acetate, (E,E)-Farnesol, Ambrettolide-(Lawrence 1993 p. 177-178, 1996d p. 58)
You can steam distill hibiscus seeds or make a Co2, concrete, or an absolute.
Uses:
Cosmetic: mainly used in perfumery. Very persistent.
Endocrine: may help detoxify (as an inhalant) from steroid drugs.
Genito: sexual debility, impotence.
Mind: anxiety, depression, tension.
Perfumery: Mid-base note; low-mid odour intensity; animal-like essence, musky. Ambrette has a smooth, rich, seductive quality. A rare plant brings this musky, fixative quality to perfume. It is pricey and unique.
Mixes with bergamot, clary, cypress, neroli, rose, patchouli and sandalwood.
Research:
Antibacterial Activity and Mechanism:
This study characterizes the chemical composition and explores the antibacterial mechanism of ambrette seed oil. It identifies farnesol acetate and ambrettolide as major compounds and demonstrates the oil’s effectiveness against various bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis.
Citation: Arokiyaraj, S., Choi, Y., Lee, Y., Bharanidharan, R., Islam, V. I., Vijayakumar, B., Oh, Y. K., Dinesh-Kumar, V., Vincent, S., & Kim, K. H. (2014). Characterization of Ambrette Seed Oil and Its Mode of Action in Bacteria. Molecules, 20, 384-395. Read more.
Musk Fragrance Oil Extraction:
The study reviews experimental methods for extracting essential oil from ambrette seeds, focusing on replacing synthetic musk in perfumery with a natural alternative. It discusses the selection of solvents based on yield, odour quality, and shelf life. Citation: Joseph, E., Banerjee, A., & Donde, C. (2020). Extraction of musk fragrance oil from ambrette seeds (Abelmoschus moschatus). Journal of emerging technologies and innovative research. Read more.
Cautions: This oil is prone to oxidization; keep it in a dark, airtight container in a refrigerator. Tisserand & Young pg. 193
Sumatra Benzoin
Styrax Benzoin
Siam Benzoin
S. tonkinensis
Family: Styracaceae
It is mainly from Sumatra, Thailand, or grown in China and Cambodia. The two types are slightly different chemically. Both are warm, sweet, and caramel, with the Sumatra type a pleasing vanilla note and the Siam more balsamic and chocolate-like. Benzoin
Class: ester
3 Key Constituents: Sumatran Benzoin- Benzyl benzoate, Benzyl alcohol, (Z)-cinnamyl (E)- cinnamate; (Moyler 1998)
Thai or Siam Benzoin: Benzyl benzoate (40-51%), Benzyl alcohol (39-43%), Benzoic acid. (Moyler 1998)
Oleoresin. The name derives from the Andalusian and Catalan Benji, from the Arabic laban jaws, meaning “incense from Java.” It has long been used in Hindu and Buddhist temples.
Usually found dissolved in ethyl glycol.
Benzoin is prepared from a crude resin from the styrax tree when slashed. It is not a true essential oil because the resin is dissolved in alcohol or benzene, and the solvent is removed through a vacuum process. The resulting resinoid is not a liquid. Could you warm the bottle in a bowl of hot water to make it more blendable? Purchon & Cantele pg. 37
Uses:
Cosmetic: chapped, inflamed, irritated skin, bruises, wounds, scars, ulcers, cuts, acne, gangrenous conditions, liver spots, skin diseases. Sheppard-Hanger pg. 399. It is an excellent skin tissue regenerator and astringent vulnerably, useful for skin irritation and wounds, including bruises, scrapes, sore nipples, chapped and itching skin, scars, and ulcers. It may be added to eczema, psoriasis, chilblains, and gangrene formulas.
It contracts and tones the tissue. It is a preservative for ointments and creams (Purchon & Cantele, pg. 37). Although it has historically been used this way, adding benzoin to the cosmetics you make commercially is risky because it is somewhat sensitizing to the skin.
Respiratory: catarrh, respiratory infections, asthma, bronchitis, chills, coughs, laryngitis. Add to liniments for a sore throat or upper chest congestion and the loss of voice.
Muscular: arthritis, gout, rheumatism, warming to painful joints.
Mind: tension, stress, euphoria. “With its sweet, warming fragrance, the aroma of Benzoin has a particularly penetrating emotional effect that feels deeply soothing, comforting, and nurturing. Its warm balsamic embrace allows inner relaxation, especially with tension, anxiety, or depression felt around issues of love, need, and emotional support…[It] is very effective with emotional wounds from childhood, especially those relating to the loss of or separation from a mother’s love and its important consequences.” Holmes (2019:309)
Perfumery: balsamic scent, base note, fixative. Soft, warm scent. Low odour intensity. Too much can suppress other notes in the blend.
Blends with bay, bergamot, black pepper, cardamom, coriander, cypress, frankincense, ginger, geranium, grapefruit, jasmine, juniper, ginger, lavender, litsea cubeba, myrrh, nutmeg, orange, patchouli, palmarosa, petitgrain, rose, sandalwood, and ylang.
Mystical and Spiritual: The oil has been used to purify or sanctify space. Evert Hopman pg. 84, says it is combined with basil or cinnamon to attract business opportunities.
Research:
Neuroprotective Effects in Cerebral Ischemia:
Styrax benzoin (Benzoinum) has shown protective effects against cell apoptosis in cerebral ischemia in rats. This study underscores its potential in treating stroke and related neurovascular disorders by stabilizing the neurovascular unit (NVU) and regulating apoptotic processes.
Citation: Xie, Q., Ma, R., Guo, X., Chen, H., & Wang, J. (2020). Benzoinum from Styrax tonkinensis (Pierre) Craib ex Hart exerts an NVU protective effect by inhibiting cell apoptosis in cerebral ischemia rats—Journal of Ethnopharmacology. Read more.
Antibacterial Activity and Phytochemical Characterization:
The extract of Styrax benzoin has been found to possess strong antibacterial properties against pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, and its use in traditional ceremonies highlights its potential application in replacing synthetic room fresheners and in the cosmetics industry.
Citation: Debnath, S., Nath, M., Sarkar, A., Roy, G., Chakraborty, S., & Debnath, B. (2022). Phytochemical characterization of Styrax benzoin resin extract, molecular docking, ADME, and antibacterial activity study. Natural Product Research. Read more.
Cognitive Enhancement and Neuroprotection:
Oral administration of Styrax benzoin extract in mice has been shown to enhance spatial learning and memory and increase dendritic complexity in the hippocampus, suggesting its use in cognitive and neurological health.
Citation: Alawiyah, K., Juliandi, B., Boediono, A., & Sasai, N. (2020). Oral Administration of Incense Resin (Styrax benzoin) Extract Enhances Spatial Learning, Memory, and Dendrite Complexity in Mice. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology. Read more.
Cautions: It might be sensitizing or cross-sensitizing to Peru Balsam. Please don’t take it internally. Tisserand & Young pg. 210 says Benzoin resinoid is a sticky, solid. It is diluted to 50% in various solvents to be made pourable. These dilutants may have some toxicity—cautions on hypersensitive, diseased, or damaged skin. Please do not use it on children under the age of 2. Avoid if pregnant.
Birch Sweet
Betula lenta
Family: Betulaceae
From: Canada
Class: ester
3 Key Constituents: Methyl salicylate, Ethyl salicylate, and Linalyl acetate- (Tisserand & Young pg. 215 – in a private conversation with Pappas, 2003).
Steam-distilled tree bark
Birch oil is produced during decomposition in warm water rather than in the plant’s living tissue. Enzyme action occurs during extraction to make this essential oil.
Uses:
Note—The chemical methyl salicylate, which can be produced in a lab, is 99% identical to genuine birch. It is often used as a substitute because it is less expensive.
Cosmetic: Use for congested skin, acne, rashes, astringent, and refreshing. Sheppard-Hanger pg. 123
Muscular: Birch has a history of being used for arthritis and muscle pain. It aids the elimination of uric acid in joints and is an analgesic for gout pain, sore muscles, arthritis, tendinitis, sprains, and cramps. Sheppard-Hanger pg. 123
Genito: Birch has a tonic action on kidneys, increases urine flow, and eases water retention. Sheppard-Hanger pg. 123- Used externally, in dilute quantities, of course.
Mind: Its invigorating scent may help with headaches when diluted and applied with a cold compress.
Mythological and Spiritual: Evert Hopman says that Birch embodies the great mother. This is why wood on cradles was once made with birch so the little ones could sleep safely. Pg. 187
Research:
Authentication and Market Survey:
This study explores the authentication of Sweet Birch essential oil and conducts a market survey. It was found that authentic sweet birch oil is dominated by methyl salicylate (93.24–99.84%) and identified natural marker compounds exclusive to true birch oil. Surprisingly, none of the 27 commercial samples tested contained these natural birch markers, indicating widespread adulteration in the market.
Citation: Dosoky, N. S., Poudel, A., & Satyal, P. (2022). Authentication and Market Survey of Sweet Birch (Betula lenta L.) Essential Oil. Plants, 11(16). Read more.
Cautions: Use sparingly and in high dilution. It can be absorbed quickly in the skin and can cause fatal poisoning. Avoid internal use. Avoid during pregnancy and lactation, as well as with children, babies and pets.
NEVER TAKE INTERNALLY. DO NOT USE WITH CHILDREN. Numerous cases of poisoning have resulted from taking Birch or Wintergreen. 4-8 ml is a lethal dose for children. Tisserand & Young pg 215- Do not give it to people with salicylate sensitivity, and do not use it with anticoagulant medications, major surgery, hemophilia, or other bleeding disorders. Do not use with warfarin.
Birch and Poplar Soap Making by Brenda Holder- Survival Crafts-
Time Key-
In this video, Brenda makes soap with Birch Water and Poplar buds. She says, “This is not a DIY, but we will be doing one of those coming up in the next few months.”
If you want to skip to the relevant places:
Talking Intro 1:31
Birch Water Haul 2:29
Poplar Bud Infusion 2:50
Soap Making Intro 5:16
Soaping Tools 6:15
Soap Making Begins 9:35
Un-molding and Cutting the Soap 17:06
Betula lenta-Video, Student Project, Anita Berger
White Birch
Betula alba
Family: Betulaceae
From: Europe
Rather than the absolute & rectified oil, aromatherapists want steam-distilled leaf buds.
Class: contains sesquiterpenes and acetate.
3 Key Constituents:
Perfumery: resiny scent, medicinal, like wintergreen; top note; high odour intensity. Birch tar is a base note with a very high odour intensity.
Blends with cajeput, lavender, niaouli, and tea tree- Purchon and Cantele pg. 40.
Note* Tar oil contains phenol, creosol, etc., and is used for dermatological diseases. It creates a leather-like scent in perfumery.
Skin: anti-inflammatory, purifying. It is suitable for chronic eczema and boils.
Purchon & Cantele (pg. 40) say that research is being conducted on birch buds’ properties; betulinic acid was found to kill melanoma cells in mice in lab tests, and other compounds were found to inhibit the aids virus.
Uses:
Cosmetic: acne, rashes, and ulcers may support hair growth. Sheppard-Hanger pg. 123
Research:
Phytochemical Constituents and Pharmacological Activities:
Betula alba is widely used in traditional medicinal systems like Ayurveda and Unani. This review highlights the presence of glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, essential oils, vitamins, and sterols in different parts of the plant, exhibiting anti-malarial, anti-cancer, anti-microbial, and anti-inflammatory activities.
Citation: Vinod, M., Singh, M., Pradhan, M., Iyer, S., & Tripathi, D. K. (2012). Phytochemical constituents and pharmacological activities of Betula alba Linn. – a review. International Journal of PharmTech Research, 4, 643-647. Read more.
Isolation of Methyl Syringate and Its Inhibitory Effects on Aflatoxin Production:
Methyl syringate was isolated from the essential oil of Betula alba and found to inhibit aflatoxin production by Aspergillus species effectively. This component did not significantly inhibit fungal growth, which suggests its potential as a selective antifungal agent.
Citation: Jermnak, U., Yoshinari, T., Sugiyama, Y., Tsuyuki, R., Nagasawa, H., & Sakuda, S. (2012). Isolation of methyl syringate as a specific aflatoxin production inhibitor from the essential oil of Betula alba and aflatoxin production inhibitory activities of its related compounds. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 153(3-4), 339-344. Read more.
Bioactivities and Compositions of Betula nigra Essential Oils:
Though focused on Betula nigra, closely related to Betula alba, this study details the traditional uses of birch essential oils in treating skin conditions like eczema and psoriasis, promoting hair health, and their roles in relieving pain from conditions such as rheumatism and gout.
Citation: Woods et al. (2013). Bioactivities and Compositions of Betula nigra Essential Oils. Read more.
Caution: Avoid it during pregnancy and lactation, as well as with babies, children, and pets. Don’t use it internally. Avoid using it on damaged, sensitive skin. Use in significantly diluted amounts.
Cananga
Cananga odorata var. macrophylla (also check ylang-ylang later in this family for essential oil made exclusively from the flower) is a wild, uncultivated tree with a harsher floral fragrance and more woody-green notes.
Family: Annonaceae
From: Comoros
Class: sesquiterpenes
3 Key Constituents: B-Caryophyllene, a-Caryophyllene, Germacrene D; (Kubeczka 20002)
Steam-distilled flowers, leaves and wood
Uses:
Cosmetic: It is helpful for irritated and oily skin, acne, and insect bites. Sheppard-Hanger pg. 135
Respiratory: regulates respiratory rhythm. Sheppard-Hanger pg. 135
Cardio: eases pulse and lowers blood pressure. Sheppard-Hanger pg. 135
Endocrine: balances adrenal glands. Sheppard-Hanger pg. 135
Mind: anxiety, impotence, depression, and stress.
Perfumery- Mid-base note. Woody, floral. Mid-high odour intensity.
It blends with most essential oils used with ylang but gives a more woody note. Check the Ylang section toward the bottom of this page for a complete list of ideas.
Research:
Phytochemical Analysis Using Ethanol:
This study provides a qualitative analysis of the secondary metabolites in Cananga odorata flowers, identifying compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and steroids, known for their antioxidant and antibacterial properties.
Citation: ANALISIS KUALITATIF KANDUNGAN BUNGA KENANGA (Cananga odorata) SECARA FITOKIMIA dengan MENGGUNAKAN PELARUT ETANOL.
Anxiolytic Effect on Mice:
The essential oil of Cananga odorata var. macrophylla was studied for its anxiolytic effects on mice. It showed significant improvements in behavioural tests that indicate reduced anxiety, which could be linked to its use in aromatherapy for mental well-being.
Citation: The anxiolytic effect of essential oil of Cananga odorata exposure on mice and determination of its major active constituents.
Caution: It may be irritating to sensitive skin. Tisserand & Young suggests a maximum of 0.8% in blends. This may lead to nausea and headache. Do not use if pregnant or breastfeeding—no internal use.
Carnation Absolute
Dianthus caryophyllus
Family: Caryophyllaceae
From: France
Class: esters
3 Key Constituents: benzyl benzoate, pentacosane, benzyl salicylate-(Annonis 1993, Lawrence 1989p. 132-134).
Concrete, absolute from flowers
Uses: perfume, insect repellent
Mind: Stress-related disorders, anxiety. Sheppard-Hanger pg. 205
Perfume: Sweet, honey-like, thick-texture. Mid-high odour intensity; top-mid note.
Mixes with bergamot, black pepper, cardamom, cinnamon, coriander, clary, roman chamomile, coriander, geranium, lavender, narcissus, neroli, orange, rose, sandalwood, and ylang. Try a hint of helichrysum and clove bud to bring out the carnation scent.
“Mythological and Spiritual: In the Christian tradition, carnations first appeared as Jesus carried the cross. Carnations sprang up from where Mother Mary’s tears fell. Carnations are also commonly referred to by their scientific name, “Dianthus,” given by the Greek botanist Theophrastus. Carnations got the name Dianthus from the Greek words: “Dios,” referring to the god Zeus, and “anthros,” meaning flower.
Carnations are thus known as the “Flowers of God.”
Korean Folklore: The Koreans use the carnation to foretell the fortune of young girls. Upon placing three freshly cut carnations in her hair, the young girl observes which will die first. If the top flower dies off first, it indicates that the latter years of the girl’s life will be filled with strife. She will experience turmoil during her youth if the middle flower fades first. If the lower flower dies and fades first, it suggests that the young woman will face significant challenges throughout her lifetime.
(It is hard to find the good news with this fortune-telling. 
)
The Carnation Flower: Its Meanings & Symbolism
Research:
Role in Perfumery:
Carnation Absolute is crucial in perfumery. It has historically been used in men’s and women’s fragrances to provide a warm, spicy floral note. However, its high cost has led to the development of synthetic alternatives. This study discusses the historical and current use of carnation in perfumery, highlighting the evolution of fragrance formulations.
Citation: Anonis, D. P. (1985). The application of carnation in perfumery. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 1(1), 9-15. Read more.
Caution: Carnation is a skin irritant and may cause dermatitis. There’s no internal use.
Carnation- Student Video Presentation- Skye Fibke
Cistus/Labdanum/European Rock Rose Cistus ladaniferus/ C. cretics
Family: Cistaceae From: Spain, Mediterranean, Cyprus, Middle East
Class: monoterpenes (15-67%), alcohol, acids
3 Key Constituents: a-Pinene (3-50%), Camphene (<10%), (3Z)-Hexen-1-ol-(Lawrence 1989 p. 93-95, 1993 p 91-92, 1999d p. 41-50)
Cistus is made from the steam-distilled branches and leaves of the whole flowering plant. The flower can be pink, yellow or white. It is usually a two-stage steam distillation of flowering twigs, and then the water is redistilled with hexane, and this oil is added to first. The yield is excellent, one kilo from 18-25 kilograms of plant material.
Labdanum resinoid, or absolute, is produced from gum resin. The absolute is produced by solvent extraction of the resin for the perfume industry. It is thick and semi-solid with a soft, sweet balsamic odour. Labdanum oil is made from the absolute, or more rarely, directly from resin. It is smooth, sweet, amber-like, and woodier. The resin is sometimes derived from the related C. incanus and other subspecies. It may be adulterated with the gurjun balsam below.
Uses: Cistus treats terrain that is weak, damp, and tense. Holmes 2019:166. It is for the individual who is over-sensitive to others or, in cases of shock, with feelings of cold and emptiness. It can help foster a new self-identity founded on inner sources.
Cosmetic: mature skin, wrinkles, aids wound healing, boils, inflamed, irritated skin, acne, regenerating for slow healing, scars, infected, gangrenous, or diabetic wounds. It arrests bleeding—Sheppard-Hanger p. 159. Combine cistus with spike lavender as a tissue regenerator for scars topically.
Respiratory: Cistus is an expectorant for cough, colds, chronic bronchitis, rhinitis, and whooping cough (Sheppard-Hanger, p. 159). Combine cistus with pine needle as a mucolytic expectorant in chronic bronchitis with excessive sputum. Note: Cistus is drying and contraindicated in dry cough, mouth, respiratory conditions, and constipation.
Muscular: May aid in Multiple Sclerosis support. Possible aid in spinal degeneration and rheumatoid arthritis. Sheppard-Hanger p. 159
Immune: viral infections, chickenpox, measles, whooping cough, scarlet fever. Sheppard-Hanger p. 159 Try for chronic fatigue fibromyalgia. Purchon and Cantele p. 49. It is an anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and immune modulator, beneficial for various conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease, arteritis, lupus, and MS. It combines well with vetiver for these issues. Cistus is antibacterial, including E. coli and S. aureus, and anti-fungal. It combines well with frankincense for auto-immune conditions. Combine with tea tree for childhood viral fevers, including chickenpox and measles.
Cistus may be beneficial against candida and some bacteria, including MRSA. Purchon and Cantele p. 49
Genito induces menstruation and balances heavy menstruation and urinary infections. Sheppard-Hanger p. 159. Its hemostatic properties receive menorrhagia and metrorrhagia.
Digestive: It is a strong astringent, tissue regenerator, and hemostat, and it is helpful for bloody diarrhea, ulcerative colitis, IBD, Crohn’s disease, and bleeding hemorrhoids. It combines well with myrrh for bloody diarrhea, enteritis, and ulcerative colitis. Combine with cypress for bleeding hemorrhoids, metrorrhagia, and epistaxis. It is excellent for increasing the elasticity of the more prominent veins in the pelvis and legs.
Mind: insomnia, tonic, nervousness, brings up past lives, lost memories. It is said to help warm up frozen parts of our emotional being. It is indicated for ADD, depression, psychotic and schizoaffective disorders. It helps increase self-confidence and esteem and motivates one to move out of apathy and procrastination. Combine with Atlas Cedar for chronic insomnia, unknown fears, and chronic stress.
Rockrose (Helianthemum nummularium) is used in the Healing Herbs ( Bach remedies) as a flower essence (in a vibrational form) to help dispel fear, ground, and calm. It is an entirely different plant with a similar common name.
Perfumery: Earthy, warm, base note, sweet, balsamic, musky, amber undertone. Very high odour intensity. Excellent fixative with amber-type blends.
Blend with bergamot, cedar, chamomile, clary, cypress, frankincense, jasmine, juniper berry, lavender, lemon, neroli, nutmeg, oakmoss, opopanax, orange, patchouli, pine, sandalwood, and vetiver. Labdanum works with all citrus oils.
Mythical and Spiritual: Cistus has been used for spiritual practices for a very long time. It is said to enhance meditation, centring, and spiritual connection. In Cyprus, rockrose was sacred to Aphrodite. Labdanum resin is one of the earliest aromatic substances of Asia Minor, along with myrrh, mastic, and Spikenard. In the Bible, it is likely called Shecheleth and is a critical ingredient in Egyptian perfumes and incense, including Kyphi. Traditionally, it was mixed with benzoin. Its fragrance promotes a connection to the divine within.
Research:
Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities:
The essential oil from Cistus ladanifer exhibits potent antibacterial and antifungal properties, which could make it helpful in treating infections and as a natural preservative. The oil’s major components, viridiflorol and pinocarveol, contribute to its effectiveness against pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus and Candida species.
Citation: El Karkouri, J., Bouhrim, M., Al kamaly, O., Mechchate, H., Kchibale, A., Adadi, I., Amine, S., Ismaili, S. A., & Zair, T. (2021). Chemical Composition, Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity of the Essential Oil from Cistus ladanifer L. Plants. Read more.
Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity:
This study details the chemical composition of Cistus ladanifer essential oil, highlighting components like viridiflorol and pinocarveol. It discusses the oil’s potential antioxidant activities, which may contribute to health benefits such as reducing oxidative stress.
Citation: Mariotti, J., Tomi, F., Casanova, J., Costa, J., & Bernardini, A. (1997). Composition of the Essential Oil of Cistus ladaniferus L. Cultivated in Corsica (France). Flavour and Fragrance Journal. Read more.
Minor Compounds and Their Functional Properties:
The research explores the minor compounds found in the essential oil of Cistus ladaniferus, mainly focusing on their functional properties, such as antibacterial and antioxidant activities. The study provides insights into the lesser-known compounds contributing to the oil’s overall effects.
Citation: Guy, I., & Vernin, G. (1996). Minor compounds from Cistus ladaniferus L. essential oil from Esterel. 2. Acids and phenols. Journal of Essential Oil Research. Read more.
Caution: No formal testing is avoided during pregnancy or with babies and children. Skin sensitization, if oxidized. Keep in a cold place in an airtight container. Tisserand & Young p. 250 Always dilute before using on the skin. Please do not take it internally. Cistus is very drying and generally contraindicated in dry conditions.
Gurjun Balsam
Dipterocarpus turbinatus
From: East India, Burma
Family Name: Dipterocarpaceae
Class: sesquiterpene
3 Key Constituents: a-Gurjunene, (-)-allo-Aromadendrene, B-Caryophyllene-(Lawrence 1981 p. 34-35).
Steam distilled from wood, oleoresin
The Gurjun tree from east India grows 8-12 meters tall and is deciduous.
Uses:
Cosmetic: inflamed skin, dermatitis. Sheppard-Hanger pg. 205 Eczema, psoriasis, wounds, bedsores, ringworm, cuts, boils, diaper rash. Speeds up the healing of wounds. It works by combating microorganisms and retaining the natural moisture in the skin.
Respiratory: bronco-pulmonary inflammations, infections. It helps eliminate mucous deposits and helps with asthma.
Genito: antiseptic for urinary tract infections and genital inflammations. Sheppard-Hanger pg. 205
Mind: calming to the nervous system.
Perfumery: Base note.
Common adulterant of patchouli oil. Tisserand & Young pg. 299
Mixes with bergamot, clary, lemon, lime, vetiver, and ylang.
Mythical and Spiritual: Said to reduce the Kapha dosha in ayurvedic medicine, responsible for excess water deposits, inflammation, and swelling. Use in a steambath for respiratory problems of this nature.
Research:
Sesquiterpenes and Seasonal Variations in Oleoresin Essential Oils:
This study examined the sesquiterpenes in the oleoresin essential oils of Dipterocarpus turbinatus and Dipterocarpus retusus. The main compounds in D. turbinatus include δ-elemene, α-gurjunene, γ-murolene, and α-cadinene. Seasonal variations significantly affect the levels of these compounds, particularly during dry and rainy seasons. The antibacterial activity of these oils was also confirmed.
Citation: THE SESQUITERPENES AND THEIR SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN THE OLEORESIN ESSENTIAL OILS FROM TWO SPECIES OF DIPTEROCARPUS IN YUNNAN.
Antibacterial and Wound Healing Activity:
A study on Dipterocarpus alatus, closely related to D. turbinatus, demonstrated its crude extract’s antibacterial and wound healing effects against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in a mouse model. The twig extract was particularly effective, showing significant reductions in MRSA levels and aiding in wound healing comparable to non-infected controls.
Citation: Antibacterial and Wound Healing Activity of Dipterocarpus alatus Crude Extract Against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-induced Superficial Skin Infection in Mice.
Study on the Essential Oil of Dipterocarpus turbinatus Wood:
This study analyzed the essential oil from the wood of Dipterocarpus turbinatus, identifying 34 volatile components for over 90% of the oil, with α-gurjunene being the most abundant. The detailed chemical profile provides insights into the potential applications of this oil in various therapeutic and industrial uses.
Citation: Study on the Essential Oil of Dipterocarpus turbinatus Wood.
This should not be taken internally. Avoid during pregnancy, breastfeeding and with children and pets due to a lack of formal testing. Sheppard-Hanger pg. 205
Jasmine Jasminum grandiflorum– absolute
From: France, Egypt, Italy, East India, Morocco.
An enfleurage made of jasmine blossoms is sometimes available, but concrete washed with a hot, ethanol-produced solution is the most common. The essential oil is not available. Any concrete can have chemical residue left when the product is made.
3 Key Constituents: Esters (<47%) including Benzyl acetate (15-35%), alcohols including Benzyl benzoate (3-20%), – (Bassett 1994). The chance of adulteration is very high as only 1 kilo is the yield from 800-1000 kilograms of flowers. Various chemicals, including indole, cinnamic aldehyde, benzyl acetate, and jasmine, as well as fractions of Ylang-ylang.
Uses: Jasmine is derived from the Persian yasmin, meaning fragrant. Damascus, Syria, is known as the City of Jasmine despite its connection to Damask’s rosewater production.
Cosmetic: dry, mature, sensitive, greasy skin, stretch marks. It soothes and moistens dry, irritated, itchy skin conditions and is considered a skin regenerator with a mild analgesic effect.
Purchon & Cantele—used in shampoos and hair tonics, encourages a “glorious head of hair.”
Genito: painful periods, frigidity, impotence, infertility, labour pains, sterility, pelvic congestion. It may also alleviate prostate problems. Sheppard-Hanger pg. 247
Strengthens and tones the uterus, particularly after childbirth. Relieves cramps and muscular spasms during a painful period. Purchon & Cantele pg. 67
Mind: Jasmine is euphoric, dispels fear, uplifts mood, lessens depression, paranoia, confidence, heartache, apathy, and aphrodisiac. It is effective for a fast heartbeat and breathlessness caused by shock or anxiety. Reduces high blood pressure. Purchon & Cantele pg. 67. Consider its use in various psychological disorders, including minor depression, PMS, HSDD, shock, PTSD, dissociative disorders, sensory integration disorder, addictions, and codependency.
Jasmine is beneficial in postpartum depression. It helps bolster self-esteem. “Chronic states of personal inhibition of any kind, especially involving a degraded self-image and often resulting from an overly strict, moralistic upbringing, will benefit from Jasmine…It also creates euphoria but does not sedate. With acute depression, shock, and any traumatic experience, this is precisely the kind of emotional band-aid that is required…creating a temporary cocoon around the wounded self. Holmes (2019:257).
TCM: Nourishes the Blood, animates the Heart, and strengthens Shen. It regulates menstruation, combining well with geranium, palmarosa, or petitgrain. For Uterus Blood deficiency with Chong and Ren May deficiency, including amenorrhea, vaginal dryness, frigidity, or sterility, combine with vetiver, rose, or black spruce.
Perfumery: Sweet mid-note, rich, narcotic, floral, musky. Mid-high odour intensity.
Blend with amyris, benzoin, bergamot, clary, clove, coriander, frankincense, geranium, ginger, guaiac wood, helichrysum, mandarin, melissa, neroli, oakmoss, orange, palmarosa, patchouli, petitgrain, rose, rose geranium, rosewood, sandalwood, vetiver, and ylang.
The flowers can only be picked at night when their perfume is most intense. About 2000 lbs of flowers make 1 lb of jasmine absolute. Purchon & Cantele pg. 66 Jasmine can round off rough notes in artificial perfumes.
Mythological and Spiritual Video
As you know, Lekha has an accent and requires attentive listening. However, her knowledge about Jasmine is extensive, so it is worth the extra effort.
Research:
Psychological and Physical Effects:
As evidenced in aromatherapy massage studies, Jasmine absolute has shown significant effects in enhancing alertness and vigour. Its inhalation leads to increased autonomic arousal, suggesting its use for stimulating and uplifting mood.
Citation: Hongratanaworakit, T. (2010). Stimulating effect of aromatherapy massage with jasmine oil. Natural Product Communications, 5, 157-162. Read more.
Antioxidant Activities:
Jasmine oil, including jasmine absolute, exhibits strong antioxidant properties. These properties prevent damage from free radicals, supporting its potential applications in skincare and health supplements.
Citation: Wei, A., & Shibamoto, T. (2007). Antioxidant activities and volatile constituents of various essential oils. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 55(5), 1737-1742. Read more.
Effects on Mental State and Brain Activity:
The inhalation of jasmine absolute affects brain wave activities and can alter mood states, promoting feelings of well-being and romanticism while reducing drowsiness.
Citation: Sayowan, W., Siripornpanich, V., Hongratanaworakit, T., Kotchabhakdi, N., & Ruangrungsi, N. (2013). The effects of jasmine oil inhalation on brain wave activities and emotions. Journal of Health Research, 27, 73-77. Read more.
Caution: It may cause allergic reactions in some people. It is often adulterated, so this may result from a poor-quality product. There is a moderate risk of skin sensitization. Maximum dermal use level: 0.7% Tisserand & Young pg. 312 Avoid use if pregnant, as it is a uterine stimulant or breastfeeding. It reduces serum prolactin levels (like Chasteberry) to support labour and later reduces lactation if used for weaning. Health Canada is considering taking this oil off the market as of 2024.
Please do not use it on children under the age of 3. There’s no internal use!
(Jasmine sambac from India is a different variety of jasmine with a different chemical composition. It suppresses lactation. It is safe to use in skin products up to 4%) Never ingest jasmine sambac, as it interferes with many medications.) Purchon & Cantele pg. 67
Lantana
Lantana camara
Family: Verbenaceae
From: Madagascar
Class: ketones
3 Key Constituents: Davanone, B-Caryophyllene, Sabinene-(Ngassoum et al 1999)
Steam-distilled, flowering plant
Uses:
Cosmetic: wounds, cuts, ulcers. Sheppard-Hanger pg. 255
Respiratory: chronic bronchitis, asthma. Sheppard-Hanger pg. 255
Immune: viral infections. Sheppard-Hanger pg. 255
Genito regulates and induces menstruation.
Research:
Sedative Effects via Inhalation in Mice:
The essential oil from the leaves of Lantana camara, primarily composed of sabinene and 1,8-cineole, demonstrated sedative effects when administered via inhalation to mice, suggesting potential applications for managing conditions related to the central nervous system like dementia and insomnia.
Citation: Dougnon, G., & Ito, M. (2019). Sedative effects of the essential oil from the leaves of Lantana camara occurring in the Republic of Benin via inhalation in mice. Journal of Natural Medicines, 74(1), 159-169. Read more.
Bioactivity Against Insect Pests:
The essential oil showed strong repellent activity against the cowpea weevil and toxic effects through fumigation, indicating its potential as a natural insecticide.
Citation: Zandi-Sohani, N., Hojjati, M., & Carbonell-Barrachina, Á. (2012). Bioactivity of Lantana camara L. essential oil against Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius). Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research, 72(4), 502-506. Read more.
Antibacterial and Antibiotic-Modulatory Activities:
Essential oils from Lantana camara showed significant antibacterial activities and a synergistic effect on the activity of aminoglycoside antibiotics, which could make them useful in medical applications to combat bacterial infections.
Citation: Sousa, E. O., Barreto, F. S., Rodrigues, F., Campos, A., & Costa, J. G. (2012). Chemical composition of the essential oils of Lantana camara L. and Lantana montevidensis Briq. and their synergistic antibiotic effects on aminoglycosides. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 24(5), 447-452. Read more.
Cautions: No formal testing; avoid during pregnancy. Please refrain from taking it internally. It may be toxic to the liver if taken internally. Tisserand & Young pg. 320 Do not use on sensitive or damaged skin. Sheppard-Hanger pg. 255. The plant itself can be harmful if ingested, especially to pets and livestock, and there’s limited information about the safety of the essential oil for topical or aromatic use.
Linden
Tilia X vulgaris
From: France
Family: Tiliaceae
Class: Alcohol
Essential Constituent: (farnesol mainly)- Sheppard-Hanger pg. 417
Concrete, absolute from flowers, then distilled.
Cosmetic: perfumery. This is one of my favourite essential oils. It is tough to get these days, but it is exquisite!
Cardio: Heart palpitations. Sheppard-Hanger pg. 417
Mind: headaches, insomnia, nervous migraine, tension.
Linden is used in its herbal form as a tea that relaxes and restores.
Perfumery: Mid note, sweet, floral, light. Low odour intensity.
Blends with benzoin, black pepper, carnation, clove, frankincense, gardenia, geranium, ginger, grapefruit, hyacinth, lavender, mandarin, neroli, palmarosa, rose, sandalwood, and tuberose. Be careful not to add much of these other essential oils to the blend, as the delicate linden flower will easily be overpowered, and you will lose its ethereal beauty. I think it is beautiful all by itself!
Mythological and Spiritual:
Linden is revered in Eastern Europe. According to Wikipedia, June is named after the “lime tree” in Croatia. The Croat’s kuna currency consists of 100 lipa (Tilla). In Poland, July is named after this tree. In Baltic mythology, Laima, an essential goddess of fate, is named after the lime tree. The cuckoo bird lives in this tree and is thought to give luck and fertility. In Greek mythology, Hera, the goddess of marriage, was also associated with the cuckoo bird. It’s interesting how these myths overlap. The Germans held their judicial meetings under the lime tree, believing the tree had the power to unearth the truth.
In the Nibelungenlied, a medieval German work ultimately based on oral tradition recounting events among the Germanic tribes in the 5th and 6th centuries, Siegfried gains his invulnerability by bathing in the blood of a dragon. While he does so, a single linden leaf sticks to him, leaving a spot on his body untouched by the blood, and he thus has a single point of vulnerability.
Lime tree in culture
This myth sounds much like the myth of Achille’s heel, another Greek story.
Research:
Sedative Properties in Traditional Use:
Linden tea is traditionally used in various cultures for its sedative properties, which induce sweating for colds, relieve throat irritation and cough, reduce blood pressure, and act as a diuretic, spasmolytic, and sedative. This usage underscores the recognized calming effects of linden, which are potentially applicable to the absolute form.
Citation: Pavlović, T., Dimkić, I., Andrić, S. D., Milojković-Opsenica, D., Stanković, S., Janaćković, P., Gavrilović, M., & Ristivojević, P. (2020). Linden tea from Serbia – an insight into the phenolic profile, radical scavenging and antimicrobial activities. Industrial Crops and Products, 154, 112639. Read more.
Caution: Please do not take linden oil internally. Like many expensive essential oils, it can be adulterated due to its cost.
Assorted Essential Oil Families, Part One- Video, With Robert
Narcissus Narcissus poeticus
Family: Amaryllidaceae
From: France
Concrete, absolute from flower
3 Key Constituents: y-Terpinene, (E)-Methyl cinnamate, Linalool-(Lawrence 1995g p. 33-36, 1997b p. 63-65)
Daffodil, Narcissus, and Jonquil were once separate flowers. Iwww.angelfire.com/journal
It is the national flower of Wales, as it blooms on March 1, their patron Saint David’s Day. The Cancer Society also adopts it as a symbol of hope.
Uses:
Appears antispasmodic, aphrodisiac, narcotic, sedative. Sheppard-Hanger pg. 305
Mind: strong effect on nervous tension, stress, insomnia. Used in temples of India with rose, sandalwood, and jasmine. Sheppard-Hanger pg. 305
Perfumery: Narcotic scent. Its primary use is in perfumery—mid-high odour intensity.
Blends with carnation, cinnamon, clove bud, hyacinth, ho leaf, jasmine, mimosa, mandarin, rose, rosewood, sandalwood, tuberose, and ylang.
Mythological and Spiritual: Greeks and Egyptians related the flower with death. They hung wreaths of narcissus during funerals. The Arabs viewed it as an aphrodisiac. http://www.angelfire.com/journal
In the Greek myth of Narcissus, Echo, a young nymph, falls in love with this young man the gods had bestowed with legendary beauty. He was told to never look at his reflection. He became very arrogant and did not care about Echo. She faded into only a voice. The goddess Nemesis led the vain boy to a lake, and after seeing his reflection, he started to fade. The gods changed his sentence to become a beautiful flower, the Narcissus.
The Chinese believe the flower brings luck for the whole year if it blooms during Chinese New Year. http://www.angelfire.com/journal
Cautions: Possibly sensitizing cosmetically sensitive people. Maximum dermal use is 0.8%. Please refrain from taking it internally. Absolutes are subject to adulteration due to their cost. Tisserand & Young pg. 362
Oakmoss
Evernia prunastri
From: France, Croatia
Concrete & absolute from lichen.
Family: Usneaceae
3 Key Constituents: Methyl B–orcinol carboxylate, Ethyl everninate, Ethyl hematommmate-(Terajima et al 1988; Joulain & Tabacchi 2009b)
Uses:
Mind: aphrodisiac, impotence Sheppard-Hanger pg. 221 It is a good oil for psychic work. It is balancing, calming, grounding, and ritually used to visualize money.
Perfumery: Earthy, green, rich, base note. Mid-odour intensity. There are many types of moss and lichens. Some are green; some are brown. I have found the green ones to smell the most luxurious.
Mixes with benzoin, jasmine, lavender, narcissus, rose, rose geranium, sandalwood, and vanilla.
Cautions: Skin allergies exist to this plant. Do not use on hypersensitive, diseased, or damaged skin. Please do not use it on children under 2. Maximum dermal use 0.1%. Tisserand & Young pg. 369
Oakmoss Deva- Student Art By Tammy Courtney
Mixed Media Art (Water Colour, Ink, cut-outs of Oak Moss)
Oak Moss is the scent of a Lichen. Half plant, Half mushroom. They are mainly used in perfumery. Oak Moss, your deep, earthy aroma entices the unknown desires of the unconscious. Sought out by psychic workers for its grounding, calming, and balancing energies, It was also used to visualize and attract money. Oak Moss is an aphrodisiac and may help in impotence. Very low dilutions of .01% must be used with Oak Moss as it may cause irritation and sensitization to the skin. Avoid using Oak Moss with Hypertensive skin, pregnant women, and children. Oak Moss carries a constituent called Methyl B-orcinol carboxylate, which treats fungal infections such as candida. A topical ointment with a carrier oil could be helpful for a yeast infection.
“She Wolf Meditation Video from Tammy Courtney’s Write-Up”
I set up a meditation for Oak Moss. She revealed unique energies to me.
Emily, the Ship’s Meditation Teacher, Narrates
Orris
Iris pallida, Iris germanica var florentina
From: France, Morocco, Italy
Class: ester
Family: Iridaceae
3 Key Constituents: (Z)-y-Irone, (Z)-a-Irone, (E)-a-Irone; Galfre et al 1993).
Concrete, Absolute, CO2- from the aged rhizome
Uses:
Cosmetic: nourishes and cleanses skin and dermatitis. Sheppard-Hanger pg. 247
Mouthwash for tobacco odour and smoker’s breath. Sheppard-Hanger pg. 247
Mind: aids creativity, concentration, and intuition, balances mind, and dissolves blocks.
Perfumery: Powdery, mid-note. Very low odour intensity. (Almost unaffordable).
Mixes with bergamot, cedar, clary, cypress, hyacinth, labdanum, mimosa, neroli, rose, tea rose, sandalwood, and vetiver.
Mythological and Spiritual: Iris is the goddess of the rainbow and messenger of the gods. She links people and gods together. She is also known as the handmaiden and messenger of Hera, the most potent Greek female goddess. Iris travels quickly on the rainbow. She is often shown with wings, like a fairy.
The Flower Essence Society of North America (FES) also sells iris flower essence. The blue flag (Iris versicolor), taken as a flower essence, helps dissolve creative blocks.
Research:
Chemical Fingerprinting, Total Phenolics and Antioxidant Activity:
This study explores Iris taxa’s chemical fingerprinting and antioxidant activities, including Iris pallida and Iris germanica var. florentina. It highlights the presence of potent antioxidant compounds, which can have therapeutic implications.
Citation: Duka, I., Maleš, Ž., Bojić, M., Hruševar, D., & Mitić, B. (2020). Chemical fingerprinting, total phenolics and antioxidant activity of some Iris taxa. Croatica Chemica Acta. Read more.
Please refrain from taking the concrete internally. No known toxicity. Tisserand & Young pg. 377
Palo Santo-
(Bursera graveolens)
Palo Santo or Holy or Sacred Wood essential oil is rich in limonene (58-63%) and methofuran. The latter is toxic to lung and liver tissue, at least in mice. The oil is distilled from the red heartwood. It is related to frankincense but is sweeter and softer, with notes of citrus, wood and slight mint.
It is endangered in Peru but still widely harvested in Ecuador, where it is likely in danger from over-harvesting.
Due to its firmly rooted and grounded nature, the oil is strongly anti-inflammatory and helpful for inner work.
It is helpful for insomnia, headaches, colds, and flu.
Common Uses:
Natural Insect Repellent: The oil is also applied as a natural alternative to chemical-based insect repellents.
Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Properties: The oil has shown effectiveness against various bacterial and fungal pathogens and possesses antioxidant capabilities.
Mental- Spiritual:
Known for its grounding and calming effects, it helps to reduce stress and enhance clarity and concentration.
Spiritual Rituals: Often used in cleansing and purifying rituals to ward off negative energy. Spiritually, it helps with emotional grounding and releasing anger and fear. It clears energy in a room like cedar or Artemisia. It works on the third and crown chakras.
Research:
Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities:
Palo Santo essential oil exhibits significant antimicrobial properties against various pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Escherichia coli, as well as antifungal effects against Candida albicans. It also has demonstrated weak antioxidant activity, highlighting its potential in therapeutic applications.
Citation: Mendez, A. S., Cornejo, C. G., Coral, M., & Arnedo, M. A. (2017). Chemical Composition, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of the Essential Oil of Bursera graveolens (Burseraceae) From Perú. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, 51(3s), 1-5. Read more.
Cautions: Skin and liver toxicity from older oils. Avoid older oils. Maximum dermal use is 3.4%. Menthofuran, a component, is toxic to mice’s liver and lung tissue. High oral doses in mice caused problems. Tisserand and Young pg. 379 Do not take internally. Do not use if pregnant.
Student Project- Skye Fibke
Black Pepper- Piper nigrum
Black and white peppers come from the same plant. It is an evergreen, climbing vine. White peppercorns have the outer skin (pericarp) of the fruit removed. Tisserand & Young pg. 387
Pepper is one of the oldest and most important spices. It stimulates and warms the taste buds.
It is used in ayurvedic medicine to relieve Kapha and excess water-based conditions in the body. It was used as a currency in Rome.www.anniesremedies.com and the European Middle Ages in the 13th century. It was called black money, a valued currency, and white money (sea salt). Spice traders were known as Pepperers from the Latin piperarii. Black pepper essential oil was first mentioned in 1488 in an early text of the Italian apothecary Saladin.
Oil from the green pepper is also produced and used for mosquito repellants. Sheppard-Hanger pg. 357
Piper nigrum
From: India, Indonesia, Madagascar, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, China.
Family: Piperaceae
Class: monoterpenes (55-78%) sesquiterpene, phenol ethers.
3 Key Constituents: B-Caryophyllene (<19%), (+)-Limonene (<40%), a-Pinene (<19%). (Lawrence 1995 g p. 199)
The yield of steam distilled from partially dried, unripe fruit is excellent: one kilo of oil from 50-100 kilograms of dried peppercorns. Despite this good yield, the oil is sometimes adulterated with Eucalyptus dives, Elemi, or Cubeb, as well as isolated constitutions. Pepper dust, a by-product, will produce an inferior oil for a commercial application rather than a therapeutic one.
Uses: Black pepper oil has a clear to green-grey appearance and is warm, spicy, and dry, with a sweet, woody, fresh odour. It is a classic warming stimulant for treating cold, weak, and damp/congestive conditions.
Cosmetic: Chilblains, bruises, cuts, and wounds. It can be a skin irritant, so use highly dilute amounts.
Respiratory: catarrh, chronic bronchitis, laryngitis, tonsillitis, warm chills, cold feet. Sheppard-Hanger, pg. 357. Hardened sputum and emphysema may be helped when combined with frankincense. It warms the lungs, especially in cold, damp conditions, and blends well with fir, pine, or green myrtle.
Muscular: arthritis, muscle aches, neuralgia, temporary paralysis, stiffness, rheumatism, tones muscles before sports sprains. Sheppard-Hanger pg. 357. The oil is analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and helpful for cold, damp-type rheumatic and arthritic pain with stiffness and pain. Combine with juniper berry for acute rheumatic, arthritic, and neuralgic pain or a detoxing diuretic for edema.
Cardio: dilates local blood flow and increases circulation. One study found that the topical application of black pepper oil helped enhance vein visibility and improved the ease of IVC insertion in a randomized, controlled study of 120 patients. Kristiniak S et al. J Altern Complement Med 2012 18(11): 1003-7. Combine with rosemary or cajeput for intense arterial stimulation, cold extremities, or chronic rheumatic pain.
Digestive: A useful digestive and intestinal stimulant for food poisoning, colic enteritis, gut dysbiosis, and frigid atonic states. According to some French practitioners, it helps carry or increase the bioavailability of other oils in the gut. It may be helpful in fish and mushroom poisoning, but caution is advised. It combines with ginger root as a digestive stimulant or with cypress/basil as a pancreatic stimulant for upper digestive deficiency. Consider mixing it with niaouli for intestinal bacterial toxicosis or food poisoning.
Endocrine: This herb is helpful for chronic adrenal fatigue syndrome with afternoon or evening exhaustion. Combine it with ginger and thyme chemotype thymol to restore sexual vigour in cases of frigidity and impotence.
Immune: colds, flu, infection, viruses.
Genito: frigidity, impotence, kidney & urinary system, and it aids detox. For urogenital discharge. Sheppard-Hanger pg. 357.
Mind: Stimulating, warming, and uplifting, it may be helpful in combinations for ADD, depression, and dissociative disorders.
TCM: Tonifies and raises Yang, warms the interior, and strengthens Shen. Combine with black spruce, pimenta berry, or thyme ct. Thymol for kidney yang deficiency with Shen weakness, or with rosemary, ravintsara, cajeput/peppermint for Clear Yang Qi deficiency with Shen weakness.
Perfumery: Spicy, top note. Gives a distinct tone to the scent—high odour intensity.
Blends with bergamot, basil, clary, clove, coriander, fennel, frankincense, geranium, ginger, grapefruit, jasmine, lemon, lemongrass, lime, mandarin, marjoram, myrrh, nutmeg, orange, palmarosa, rose, rosemary, sage, sandalwood, and vetiver.
Spiritual and Mythological: Pepper was used in spells to banish negativity and provide protection. It may also promote courage.
Research:
Antioxidative Properties and Enzyme Inhibition Relevant to Diabetes and Hypertension:
Black pepper essential oil exhibits strong antioxidant properties and inhibits key enzymes linked to type-2 diabetes and hypertension, such as α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and angiotensin-I converting enzyme. This suggests its potential in managing and preventing these conditions.
Citation: Oboh, G., Ademosun, A. O., Odubanjo, O. V., & Akinbola, I. A. (2013). Antioxidative Properties and Inhibition of Key Enzymes Relevant to Type-2 Diabetes and Hypertension by Essential Oils from Black Pepper. Advances in Pharmacological Sciences, 2013. Read more.
Black Pepper (Piper nigrum L.) Oils:
The essential oil of black pepper has antioxidant and antimicrobial properties that enhance its potential use as a natural food preservative. The oil has been applied to preserve orange juice and pork, underscoring its utility in the food industry.
Citation: Abdulazeez, M., Sani, I., James, B. D., & Abdullahi, A. (2016). Black Pepper (Piper nigrum L.) Oils. Read more.
Extraction and Analysis of Black Pepper Essential Oils:
This study provides insights into the optimal extraction process of black pepper essential oil and analyzes its major components like 3-carene, D-limonene, caryophyllene, and β-pinene. The findings suggest applications in manufacturing processes such as insecticides and air deodorizers.
Citation: Tran, T., Ha, L. K., Nguyen, D. C., Dao, T., Nhan, L., Nguyen, D., Nguyen, T., Vo, D., Tran, Q., & Bach, L. (2019). The Study on Extraction Process and Analysis of Components in Essential Oils of Black Pepper (Piper nigrum L.) Seeds Harvested in Gia Lai Province, Vietnam. Processes. Read more.
Cautions: Black pepper is a moderate skin irritant; large doses may irritate kidneys. Please keep it in an airtight container in an excellent space. Tisserand & Young pg. 385. Due to its monoterpene properties, avoid use in babies and young children. Black pepper can be a potent skin irritant, so use it in extremely low quantities. It can also irritate the lungs if used in the diffuser.
Black Pepper Video- Student Project, Tanya Wells
Black Pepper Video – Student Project, Tina Mathieu
Sandalwood
Santalum album
From: Mysore, India; Indonesia
Family: Santalaceae
Class: sesquiterpenes (<75%)
3 Key Constituents: (Z)-a-Santalol (45-60%), (Z)-B-Santalol (17-30%), (Z)-Nuciferol. (Lawrence 1993 p. 18-182).
It is steam distilled from wood, roots, sawdust, or heartwood (the most critical part). The trees take up to 35 years to mature and spend the first seven years as parasitic saplings. It has been widely used as “botanical ivory” for high-quality carved objects, being termite resistant with long-lasting fragrance. It has long been highly prized for religious places of worship. Traditional Indian attars use wood chips in layers, distilled with flowers such as jasmine, champaca, and tuberose. These products are barely available today. In early times, the fragrance was believed to be capable of removing evil spirits (Winds) that cause disease.
This oil is increasingly challenging to source, and there is an extremely high chance of adulteration with inferior sandalwoods or extenders such as coconut oil, castor oil, and polyethylene glycol. Australian Sandalwood (S. spicatum) is commonly available today, with some plantation production. It contains lower levels of santalol. Red Sandalwood (Pterocarpus santalinus) does not yield an oil.
Uses: The true oil is a middle tone with sweet woody notes. It decongests dampness and restores weak, hypotonic conditions. The Eclectic physicians suggested it is contraindicated for acute conditions and best reserved for chronic, weak and damp congestive issues. It is similar to myrrh for chronic mucosal congestion but without the astringency.
Cosmetic: infected wounds, acne, dehydrated acne, oily skin, dry, aged, cracked and chapped skin, rashes, inflammation, aftershave moisturizer, subcutis layer of skin: increases capillary circulation, connective tissue & dermis are strengthened, increases water retention of collagen. Sheppard-Hanger pg. 387. It may be helpful in skin cancers, dry or atopic eczema, itching, scabies, boils, and antibacterial MRSA. Combine with patchouli for eczema, pruritus, and other dry, irritating, itchy skin conditions, including fungal infection.
Purchon & Cantele pg. 108 affirm that sandalwood benefits dry, aging skin and dry eczema.
Respiratory: Bronchitis, catarrh, chronic dry cough, laryngitis, sore throat. Sheppard-Hanger pg. 387. It is a respiratory demulcent, antitussive, and anti-inflammatory, useful in treating asthma and lung TB. Combine with hyssop and niaouli for chronic dry cough. The oil is cooling and soothing to irritative, hyperactive lung conditions, dryness and inflammation, and allergies.
Muscular: muscle spasms, sciatica, and lumbago.
Cardio: heart tonic, hemorrhoids, increases circulation, decongests lymph and venous systems. Sheppard-Hanger, pg. 387. Combine with palmarosa and nutmeg for chronic heart weakness. Combine with geranium oil for venous congestion, ankle edema, or pelvic congestion with hemorrhoids.
Immune: strep and staph infections, including MRSA. Antibacterial against E. coli and N. gonorrhoeae. Antifungal activity of various Candida, Trichophyton, and Microsporum species. Vaginitis, thrush, ringworm, and candidiasis. Antiviral against Herpes simplex I and 2 related to cold sores and genital herpes.
Endocrine: stimulates the development of sex hormones and low sex drive, sexual inhibition, and loss of libido. Swollen glands and food allergies may be helped. Ginger or vetiver helps restore hormonal reproductive balance for sexual anxiety, loss of libido or impotence. It combines well with pine for a similar purpose.
Genito: bladder infections, cystitis, inflammation or congestion of kidney & bladder, increases mucous secretion in the urogenital region. It can be an aphrodisiac to females as the scent is like male pheromones. It was used for gonorrhea treatment at one time. Sheppard-Hanger pg. 387. Urinary and prostate congestion with dribbling urination and chronic urogenital infections, as well as bed-wetting and seminal emissions. Allergic cystitis and prostatitis may be relieved, or chronic prostate congestion with hyperplasia. (BPH). It combines with myrrh for various mucous membrane imbalances and discharge. Combine with green myrtle for chronic vaginitis, cystitis, or niaouli for chronic urinary and prostate congestion and infection.
A small study found that sandalwood oil showed negative regulation of protein kinase activity and activation of G protein-coupled receptors against cultured bladder cancer cells. Frankincense was also active but with a different mechanism. Dozmorov MG et al, Chin Med 2014 9:18.
Mind: Helps people move into more profound meditation. It has aphrodisiac properties, lifts depression, and is calming. Purchon and Cantele pg. 108. The oil reduces the cingulate system’s hyperfunction, helping with sensory integration in cases of sensory-emotional deficiency. It is indicated for anxiety, worry, compulsions, hidden fears, shame, coldness, moralizing, insecurity, masked vulnerability, low self-esteem, scattered thoughts, exhaustion, and nervous tension. Holmes (2019: 410) It combines well with Atlas cedarwood or Patchouli for chronic stress, insomnia, and burnout, as well as venous and pelvic congestion, varicose veins, and phlebitis. “Sandalwood’s compassionate presence may help us to accept ourselves just as we are now, without judgment, and with unconditional benevolence and presence of being. Doing so may help us release insecurity, past regrets, and future anxieties and relieve worries, obsessions and repetitive thinking.” Holmes (2019:418).
TCM– Nourishes the Yin, resolves dampness, and calms Shen. For Heart and Kidney Yin deficiency with Shen agitation, consider combining sandalwood with patchouli, atlas cedarwood, or clary sage. For Kidney-Bladder Qi deficiency, with lower warmer damp conditions such as frequent scanty urination, chronic vaginal discharge, or dysuria, combine with fir, green myrtle, myrrh or sage. In cases of Heart Qi and Blood deficiency, such as anxiety, mental fatigue, or depression, consider combining with palmarosa, neroli, or rosemary.
Perfumery: It has a subtle base note and is powdery. The odour intensity is low and stays on the skin for a long time. Indian attars are made with sandalwood chips. Floral oils like rose and jasmine are absorbed into the sandalwood oil.
Mixes with Almost everything. As garlic is to cooking, for me, sandalwood is to blending. It helps every blend integrate without dominating. It is especially beneficial for expensive absolutes and florals, as it works as a fixative without taking over.
Try it with benzoin, bergamot, black pepper, clove, cypress, frankincense, jasmine, lavender, lemon, neroli, oakmoss, orange, palmarosa, patchouli, rose, rose geranium, rosewood tuberose, vetiver, violet, and ylang.
Mythology and Spirituality: According to East Indian legend, sandalwood grows in heaven’s garden. It is used for bathing the gods and embalming purposes. It is used for meditation and as the scent in temples, where it brings the fragrance of the spirit to individuals. Historically, wood was used to construct temples when it was more abundant. It is often placed on the forehead to ready the meditator for their spiritual journey. Dr. Chandra Shekhar Gupta; www.fragrantica.com
Research:
Biological Activities of East Indian Sandalwood Tree, Santalum album
Summary and Conclusions: The paper reviews the traditional and pharmacological importance of S. album, highlighting its use in folk medicine for various ailments and its potential in cosmetic applications due to its anti-inflammatory and skin-nourishing properties.
Citation: B. Misra, S. Dey (2013). Biological Activities of East Indian Sandalwood Tree, Santalum album. Read more.
East Indian Sandalwood and alpha-santalol odour increase physiological and self-rated arousal in humans.
Summary and Conclusions: This study examined the effects of sandalwood and alpha-santalol on physiological parameters and self-rated arousal, finding that both increase arousal levels, which may benefit mental health through stress relief and mood enhancement.
Citation: Eva Heuberger, T. Hongratanaworakit, G. Buchbauer (2006). East Indian Sandalwood and alpha-santalol odour increase physiological and self-rated arousal in humans. Planta medica. Read more.
Essential Oils Composition from Roots of Santalum album L.
Summary and Conclusions: The chemical composition of essential oils from the roots of S. album was analyzed, identifying several beneficial health-promoting compounds, such as alpha-santalol and beta-santalol, which have applications in skincare and aromatherapy.Citation: Xin-Hua Zhang, J. Silva, Yong-Xia Jia, Yan Jian, G. Ma (2012). Essential Oils Composition from Roots of Santalum album L. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants. Read more.
Safety assessment of sandalwood oil (Santalum album L.).
Summary and Conclusions: This study assessed the safety of sandalwood oil, highlighting its low toxicity and its efficacy as an antimicrobial, antiviral, and anticarcinogenic agent, supporting its safe use in food and cosmetics.
Citation: G. Burdock, I. Carabin (2008). Safety assessment of sandalwood oil (Santalum album L.). Food and Chemical Toxicology. Read more.
Cautions: Possible skin sensitization, especially in people of Japanese descent. Use 2% in cosmetics. Tisserand & Young pg. 419 Do not ingest West Australian Sandalwood Santalum spicatum, as interactions with medications have been known to occur. Purchon and Cantele pg. 108 We cannot get this oil in Canada now due to its rarity.
Spikenard/ Nard Nardostachys jatamansi
From: High alpine meadows of the Himalayan region of Nepal, from 3200 to 5000 feet in elevation. Family: Valerianaceae
Class: sesquiterpenes (35-60%)
3 Key Constituents: Nardol (<10%), patchoulenes (<29%), a-Selinene (2-9%)-(Mahalwal & Ali 2002).
Steam distilled rhizomes. The yield is excellent, with one kilo of oil produced from 75-90 kilograms of the root. The scent is green, earthy, rooty, and mossy.
History: Spikenard was one of the earliest aromatic plants used for medicine and spiritual practices. There are many biblical references to Spikenard. Primarily known as the oil, Mary used to rub on Jesus’ feet. Nard is derived from “Narang” from the suffix “ar,” meaning fragrance, or from the town of Naar, situated near the Euphrates River in Mesopotamia. The Nepalese name Jatamansi or Akashamansi means “spirit incarnate.”
Along with myrrh and frankincense, it is one of antiquity’s three most sacred aromatics. Jews and Romans used the balms to consecrate their priests and bless their sepulchres. It is mentioned in the Bible’s Song of Solomon. Hindu and Buddhist priests would burn the roots for meditation.
Chinese Nard (N. chinensis) is a thick, dark brown amber with an earthy, root, and sweet wood odour. It is often used as an “adulterant,” along with patchouli. It is commonly found in Tibet and Eastern China.
Uses: Spikenard relaxes tense, hypertonic, and cools hypersthenic/hot terrain conditions. Helpful with inflammation, hot spells and flushes, fevers, and acute stress-related conditions.
Cosmetic: allergies, rashes, psoriasis, inflammation, wound healing, mature skin, united functions of skin layers, healthy skin maintenance. Sheppard-Hanger pg. 307
Purchon and Cantele pg. 111 say it is good in creams and lotions to rejuvenate mature skin.
Dry, scaly skin. Rehydrates, taut, thin facial skin. Calms allergic reactions on the skin. Harmonizes and balances all layers of skin—atopic dermatitis and eczema, especially when stress-related.
Read Suzanne Bovenizer on Spikenard
Cardio/Lymph: hemorrhoids and thrombosis, regulates heartbeat, harmonizes circulation in the heart and lungs, and aids cardiac pain of nervous origin.
Sheppard-Hanger pg. 307 Dietrich Gumbel suggests Spikenard is specific for the heart and heart chakra. Palpitations with chest pains. Strong cardiovascular relaxant, vasodilator, hypotensive helping relieve tachycardia, arrhythmia, dysrhythmia, neurogenic angina, hypertension including migraine and other headaches. Chronic varicose veins, hemorrhoids, or phlebitis combine with patchouli and rosemary for venous congestion.
Digestion: Intestinal relaxant for colic, cramps, IBS, IBD, including Crohn’s disease.
Immune: cooling to a fever and staph infection; anti-fungal and anti-malarial.
Endocrine: inhibits SNS and strengthens the parasympathetic nervous system. It is considered an energetic male/female integrating oil.
Genito regulates the hormonal system. Sheppard-Hanger pg. 307. Uterine relaxant for spasmodic dysmenorrhea with cramping. Combine with tarragon or basil for uterine spasms and severe spasmodic dysmenorrhea.
Musculoskeletal: Strong antispasmodic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory, including cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and uterine tissue muscles.
Mind: insomnia, nervous indigestion, migraine, stress, tension, calm. (This plant is part of the Valerian family and has similar applications, such as soothing.) Use in massage to amplify this quality. Beneficial for fears, anxiety, emotional sensitivity, flights of fancy, delusions, irrational speech, restlessness, agitation with depression, intense dreams, and nightmares with no recollection of waking. Indicated for a dissociative disorder, psychotic and schizoid conditions, and OCD. Holmes (2019: 438-9). It may be helpful as an anti-convulsant for seizures, including epilepsy. It combines well with Roman chamomile, marjoram, or petitgrain for many stress-related conditions due to its strong systemic nerve relaxants and soothing effects. Combine with Ylang-ylang as a strong neurocardiac relaxant, vasodilator and hypotensive (for severe chronic hypertension). Vetiver is a refrigerant and anti-pyretic for hot spells, menopausal hot flushes, and fevers in general. Combine with Blue Tansy for chronic nightmares. The oil promotes cognitive flexibility and dispels patterns of worry, obsession, and repetitive thoughts. It can help one let go of old wounds and resentments.
TCM: Nourishes Yin, descends Yang, clears heat and calms Shen. Combine with niaouli, tea tree, or vetiver for yin deficiency with empty heat, night sweats, hot flushes, etc. For heart and kidney Yin deficiency with Shen agitation, consider combining it with patchouli, ylang-ylang, vetiver, and sandalwood. In late-stage fevers combine with lavender, tea tree, or wintergreen.
For Heart Qi regulations with palpitations, rapid heartbeat, anxiety, and insomnia, combine with petitgrain, ylang-ylang, or neroli. To nourish Liver Yin, descend Yang, and calm Shen, consider a combination of clary sage, helichrysum, vetiver, or jasmine. Consider vetiver, marjoram, or Roman chamomile combo for Liver Yin deficiency with internal wind and spasms, tremors and convulsions.
Perfumery: Base note, animal-like. Very high odour intensity.
Blends with amyris, bergamot, cistus, clary, cypress, frankincense, geranium, lemon, mandarin, myrrh, patchouli, pine, rose sandalwood, and vetiver.
Spiritual and Mythological: Spikenard carries a very high vibration, a frequency that enables a deep connection to one’s spiritual self and inner being. It can allow a deep sense of meditation, almost trance-like. It encourages opening to the higher senses. Mary Magdalen was reported to massage Jesus’ feet and pour some nard on his head before his death, suggesting his passing into the spirit world was as important as her declaration of love.
Research:
A Review on Spikenard (Nardostachys jatamansi DC.) – An Endangered Essential Herb of India
Summary and Conclusions: This review highlights the traditional uses of N. jatamansi in Ayurvedic medicine and its pharmacological activities, including antimicrobial, antifungal, and anticonvulsant effects, and emphasizes the need for conservation due to its endangered status.
Citation: Gupta, R. K., Disket, J., & Mann, S. (2012). A Review on Spikenard (Nardostachys jatamansi DC.) – An Endangered Essential Herb of India. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 2(3), 52-60. Read more.
Anti-fungal activity of Nardostachys jatamansi essential oil beneficial for treating (dermatophytosis) ringworm
Summary and Conclusions: This study demonstrated the antifungal properties of N. jatamansi essential oil against ringworm, offering a potential natural treatment option for this common fungal infection.
Citation: Nautiyal, O. H. (2013). Anti-fungal activity of Nardostachys jatamansi essential oil beneficial for treating (dermatophytosis) ringworm. Natural Products: An Indian Journal, 9. Read more.
Effect of Post Harvest Drying Methods on the Essential Oil Composition of Nardostachys jatamansi DC.
Summary and Conclusions: The study revealed that the method of drying N. jatamansi affects the composition of its essential oil, impacting its medicinal properties, which are critical for its use in the healthcare and cosmetic industries.
Citation: Chauhan, R., Nautiyal, M., Figuérédo, G., & Rana, V. (2017). Effect of Post Harvest Drying Methods on the Essential Oil Composition of Nardostachys jatamansi DC. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 20(5), 1090-1096. Read more.
Cautions- Do not be taken internally. Avoid during pregnancy with babies and children, as limited formal testing has been done. It may be sensitizing to some individuals. Use in small quantities- 0.5%-1%. Purchon and Cantele pg. 110
Styrax/Storax
Styrax Levant/ Liquidamber styraciflua
From: Honduras
Family: Hamamelidaceae
Steam distilled from tree secretion
3 Key Constituents: Cinnamyl cinnamate, 3-Phenylpropyl cinnamate, Cinnamic acid (Hafizoglu 1982)- Tisserand & Young pg. 432.
Compositions vary somewhat, and some are reconstructions. Tisserand & Young pg. 432.
Uses:
Cosmetic: perfume fixative, ringworm, and scabies.
Respiratory: bronchitis, catarrh, coughs, pneumonia.
Mind: anxiety, stress, very calming.
Research:
Chemical composition and biological activity of Liquidambar styraciflua L. leaf essential oil
Summary: This study investigated the chemical composition and biological activities of the essential oil derived from the leaves of Liquidambar styraciflua. Major compounds identified include α-pinene, β-pinene, d-limonene, and terpinen-4-ol. The oil showed significant anti-inflammatory activity and acaricidal effects and demonstrated synergistic interactions with antibiotics like tetracycline.
Citation: Graziele Francine Franco Mancarz, et al. (2019). Chemical composition and biological activity of Liquidambar styraciflua L. leaf essential oil. Industrial Crops and Products. Read more.
The Leaf Oil of Liquidambar styraciflua
Summary: This study analyzed the essential oil obtained from the leaves of Liquidambar styraciflua using GC and GC-MS. The main constituents found were terpinen-4-ol, alpha-pinene, and sabinene. The high terpinen-4-ol content suggests the oil’s potential pharmacological interest.
Citation: S. Wyllie, J. Brophy (1989). The Leaf Oil of Liquidambar styraciflua. Planta Medica. Read more.
Characterization of volatiles and anti-ulcerogenic effect of Turkish sweetgum balsam (Styrax liquidus)
Summary: This research evaluated the anti-ulcerogenic effects of Styrax liquidus and its chemical volatiles. Key components identified were styrene, cinnamyl alcohol, and α-pinene. The resin showed significant gastroprotective effects against ethanol-induced peptic ulcers in rats, confirming its traditional use in Turkish medicine.
Citation: İ. Gurbuz, et al. (2013). Characterization of volatiles and anti-ulcerogenic effect of Turkish sweetgum balsam (Styrax liquidus). Journal of Ethnopharmacology. Read more.
Cautions: Very sensitizing to skin. It may cause dermatitis—cross-reactions to cinnamon bark. Please don’t take it internally. Please do not use it in pregnancy or breastfeeding. Please do not use it with children under two years of age or pets. Tisserand & Young pg. 432. Please don’t take it internally. Maximum dermal use 0.2%
Tuberose
Polianthes tuberosa
From: India
Class: alcohol, ester
Family: Agavaceae
3 Key Constituents: (E)-Methyl isoeugenol, Methyl salicylate, Benzyl benzoate. Tisserand & Young pg. 457-from (Jones private consultation, 2002 with Tisserand).
Concrete, absolute, enfleurage, from flower
Uses:
Mind: impotence, frigidity, stress, and anxiety. It protects energy, relaxation, and personal boundaries. Sheppard-Hanger pg. 361
Perfumery: Narcotic, mid-note. Heavy, sweet, floral scent. Mid-high odour intensity.
Blends well with amyris, bergamot, black pepper, carnation, gardenia, hyacinth, jasmine, mandarin, narcissus, neroli, oakmoss, opopanax, orris, rose, sandalwood, vetiver, wormwood, and ylang. It is also excellent with vanilla absolute.
Caution: It can cause an allergic reaction in sensitive individuals. Please do not use it on hypersensitive skin or with children under 2. Maximum dermal use is 1.2%. Tisserand & Young pg. 457. I just wanted to let you know that there’s no internal use.
Valerian
Valeriana officinalis
From: China, Europe- European Valerian.
Family: Valerianaceae
Class: ester, sesquiterpene
3 Key Constituents: Valerianol, Bornyl acetate, Valeranone. (Lawrence 1989 p. 160-163, 1999c p. 53-56).
Steam distilled root.
Uses:
Muscular: muscle spasms
Cardio: palpitations, heart pain, spasms, neuralgia. Sheppard-Hanger pg. 421
Digestive: nervous indigestion.
Mind: insomnia, nervousness, restlessness, tension, agitation, nervous headaches and panic attacks.
The valerian scent is suitable for some people but has yet to be liked by others. Roman chamomile or lavender can be substituted for those who find it revolting. The odour intensity of Valerian is powerful and will dominate if used in blends.
Mystical and Spiritual Use: Evert Hopman pg. 146 says that Valerian is an herb of peace. It is used to purify space. It is also used to get rid of unwanted presences.
Research:
The essential oil of Valeriana officinalis L. s.l.:
Summary: This comprehensive study analyzed the essential oil from Valeriana officinalis, identifying three types based on their chemical composition, impacting their pharmacological activity, particularly in mental health applications.
Citation: B. Hazelhoff, D. Smith, T. Malingré, H. Hendriks (1979). The essential oil of Valeriana officinalis L. s.l. Pharmaceutisch weekblad. Read more.
Pharmacological screening of valerenal and some other components of essential oil of Valeriana officinalis.:
Summary: This study investigated the effects of specific components of Valerian essential oil and found that valerenal and valerenic acid play significant roles in the oil’s depressive action, which is important for its use in mental health treatments.
Citation: H. Hendriks, R. Bos, Allersma Dp, T. Malingré, A. Koster (1981). Pharmacological screening of valerenal and some other components of essential oil of Valeriana officinalis. Planta medica. Read more.
The Essential Oil of Valeriana officinalis L. s.l. Growing Wild in Western Serbia:
Summary: Analyzing oil from Valeriana officinalis in Serbia, this study identified valerianol and bornyl acetate as major components, underscoring the oil’s potential for therapeutic use due to these bioactive compounds.
Citation: M. Pavlovic, N. Kovačević, O. Tzakou, M. Couladis (2004). The Essential Oil of Valeriana officinalis L. s.l. Growing Wild in Western Serbia. Journal of Essential Oil Research. Read more.
Cautions: There are a few different valerians with slightly different compositions. No formal testing. Avoid it during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Please don’t use it on sensitive, damaged skin. Please do not take it internally. Be careful with the scent; it can overpower other oils and is very tenacious—high odour intensity.
Vanilla Vanilla planifolia
From: Madagascar, Tahiti, Java
Family: Orchidaceae
Class: aldehyde
3 Key Constituents of VANILLA ABSOLUTE: Vanillin, 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde, and 4-Hydroxybenzyl methyl ether. (Klimes & Lamparsky 1976).
3 Key Constituents of VANILLA extract: Vanillin, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, and Palmitic acid (Zhu et al. 1995 p. 71)).
Resinoid (alcohol extract), oleoresin and absolute CO2 from the fruit (Seedpods)
Uses:
Genito: induces menstruation
Mind: calms emotions, eases tension and anger, stirs warm memories.
Perfumery: Base note- vanilla-like. There are two separate oils discussed here- the resinoid and the absolute.
Vanilla resinoid tends to separate and get gritty. It must be shaken before being used in blends. The resinoid has a mid-odor intensity. This is not an edible product.
Vanilla Absolute is lovely but expensive. Its consistency is tar-like, and it isn’t easy to blend. The absolute has a mid-high odour intensity.
Blend with benzoin, bergamot, carnation, clary, clove, ginger, lavender, lemon, lime, nutmeg, orange, opopanax, rose geranium, sandalwood, and vetiver. But you must shake the bottle before use as it separates into gritty particles.
Mystical and Spiritual: Vanilla is a beloved friend to most of us as a flavour and scent. It is used in love spells and common folklore. A dab of vanilla behind the ear was known to attract men. This is not such a far-fetched belief. Men are very attracted to familiar scents like vanilla and pumpkin! Vanilla has been used to attract happiness, peace, and love. Vanilla is also thought to bring prosperity and abundance!
Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of vanilla
Summary and Conclusions: This study focused on the extraction of vanilla oleoresin using supercritical CO2, which showed high efficiency in capturing the aromatic components, primarily vanillin, from vanilla beans. The high purity of vanillin obtained suggests its substantial use in both food flavouring and perfumery industries.
Citation: Nguyen, K.D.Q., Barton, P., & Spencer, J.S. (1991). Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of vanilla. Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 4(1), 40-46. Read more.
Please don’t take it internally! Vanilla is untested, so avoid it on sensitive or damaged skin. No formal testing has been conducted on babies or children. It is widely adulterated. Sheppard-Hanger, pg. 423.
Ylang-Ylang
Cananga odorata (Go to the cananga write-up for the wood and flower- above)
From: Comores, Madagascar, Philippines, Reunion, South China.
Family: Annonaceae
Class: esters (15-48%), sesquiterpenes (44-65%)
3 Key Constituents: a-Farnesene, Linalool, Benzyl benzoate. (Buccellato 1982)
Steam-distilled flowers from plantation trees. The first oil plantation was created in the Philippines in the 1860s. In 1906, the trees were planted in Nosy Be and the Comores; today, they are the largest producers. In early Victorian times, an infusion of coconut nut or palm oil was imported to England as macassar oil for grooming and styling hair. It was so popular that an antimacassar doily was developed to protect upholstered chairs.
“There are five types of ylang-ylang oil: ‘extra,’ first,’ second, ‘third,’ and ‘complete.’ The first four are fractional distillates separated in the order collected during the flower distillation. Ylang grades 2 and 3 are further distillates that appear less effective for medicinal purposes. Ylang-ylang combines 1-3 distillates and is the closest to a whole essential oil. ” Tisserand & Young pg 480.
Ylang-ylang translates as the flower of flowers.
Uses:
Cosmetic: Balances sebum, irritated, dry, and oily combinations: acne, hair growth (alopecia), split ends, dry scalp, and insect bites.
Cardio: palpitations, lower blood pressure, slow breathing.Sheppard-Hanger pg. 135. It combines well with Spikenard (see above) as a cardiovascular relaxant for hypertension, tachycardia, and neurogenic angina.
Endocrine: Balances hormones, stimulates the thymus gland (immune), regulates the pituitary-gonadal system, menopausal syndrome, and irregular cycles. It helps reduce hyperfunctioning of the deep limbic system and cingulate gyrus, restoring psychological relaxation.
Genito: impotence, aphrodisiac—Sheppard-Hanger, pg. 135. It is applicable for low or loss of libido, gynecological spasms, and impotence. Combine with clary sage for hormonal imbalance, including PMS, menopausal symptoms, loss of libido, and systemic tension.
Mind: depression, sedation, antispasmodic, stress, fear, anger, relax the central nervous system. It is helpful for mood swings, anxiety, nervous tension, low self-esteem, loss of sexual interest, and emotional coldness. Consider use for bipolar disorder, ADD, minor depression, addictions, dissociative disorder, and sensory integration disorder. Combine with lavender for stress-related conditions with blue tansy for severe tension, anxiety, and mood swings. Combine with petitgrain for systemic relaxant, marjoram for vagotonia spasms of the respiratory, digestive, or cardiovascular system, or peppermint or Roman chamomile as analgesic spasmolytic for digestive cramps and IBS.
A male mouse study found the oil reduced anxiety in both acute and chronic conditions. Zhang N et al., Phytomedicine 2016 23: 1727-34.
TCM: It regulates Qi and harmonizes Shen. Combine it with bergamot, mandarin, or lavender for liver, heart, and Shen constraint and Shen disharmony. Consider combining it with lavender, neroli, or Spikenard for Heart Qi stagnation. Combine ylang with geranium, neroli, or rose for Liver Blood deficiency with Shen weakness. It nourishes “Heart Blood,” as expressed in TCM.
Perfumery: It is a perfume unto itself. It has a lovely, narcotic note and is usually classified as a mid-note. One of my original teachers, Marcel Lavabre, said “Ylang” has all three notes—high odour intensity- top, mid, and bottom.
Blends with bergamot, black pepper, clary, clove, eucalyptus citriodora, ginger, grapefruit, jasmine, lemon, mandarin, melissa, neroli, opopanax, orange, palmarosa, patchouli, petitgrain, rose geranium, rose, sandalwood, vanilla, vetiver, tuberose, and yuzu.
Mystical and Spiritual: Ylang is sprinkled on the beds of newlywed couples in Asia. It is thought to be a blessing of devotion and purity. Ylang is related to the planet Venus. Ylang is also used to attract love and dispel fear.
Research:
An Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine Research article on ‘Essential Oil Inhalation on Blood Pressure and Salivary Cortisol Levels in Prehypertensive and Hypertensive Subjects’ proved that inhaling essential oil blend with ylang-ylang, neroli, lavender, and marjoram proved effective in controlling blood pressure and is strongly recommended for preventing the progression of hypertension. This research also demonstrated that “Ylang-ylang oil lowers blood pressure, alleviates palpitations and nervous system excitation, and promotes emotional relaxation.”
Another article, “Evaluation of the harmonizing effect of ylang-ylang oil on humans after inhalation,” by the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Srinakharinwirot University, Thailand, conducted a study on the effects of ylang-ylang essential oil on human physiological parameters like pulse rate, blood pressure, skin temperature, and breathing rate. At the same time, self-evaluation was assessed in terms of mood, calmness, relaxation, attentiveness, vigour, and alertness.
This suggests that Ylang Ylang oil has a harmonizing effect that is momentous in lessening increased pulse rate and blood pressure and efficacious in increasing subjective alertness and attentiveness.
Antibacterial and Antioxidant Properties of Ylang-Ylang Essential Oil
This study explores the antibacterial and antioxidant capabilities of ylang-ylang essential oil, highlighting its potential in medical and cosmetic applications. The research demonstrates significant antibacterial activity against various pathogens and notable antioxidant properties, making ylang-ylang essential oil a valuable component of health and skincare products. Citation: Junior, R. A. de F., Lossavaro, P. K. M. B., Kassuya, C., Paredes-Gamero, E., Carvalho Farias Júnior, N., Souza, M. I. L., Silva-Comar, F. M., Cuman, R., Silva, D. B., Toffoli-Kadri, M. C., & Silva-Filho, S. (2022). “Effect of Ylang-Ylang (Cananga odorata Hook. F. & Thomson) Essential Oil on Acute Inflammatory Response In Vitro and In Vivo.” Molecules, 27. DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123666.
Effect on Acute Inflammatory Response:
This study evaluates the effect of Cananga odorata essential oil on acute inflammation, demonstrating its potential to reduce inflammatory responses and suggesting its therapeutic use in treating various inflammatory conditions.
Citation: Effect of Ylang-Ylang (Cananga odorata Hook. F. & Thomson) Essential Oil on Acute Inflammatory Response In Vitro and In Vivo.
Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, and Bioactivities of Cananga odorata (Ylang-Ylang)
Summary and Conclusions: This extensive review covers the traditional uses, phytochemical components, and various bioactivities of ylang-ylang, underlining its potential in therapeutic and cosmetic applications.
Citation: Tan, L. T.-H., Lee, L.-H., Yin, W.-F., Chan, C. K., Abdul Kadir, H., Chan, K.-G., & Goh, B. H. (2015). Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, and Bioactivities of Cananga odorata (Ylang-Ylang). Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Read more.
Cautions: Do not use on inflamed, injured, or sensitive skin. Excess may lead to nausea and headache. Use extreme caution in the first trimester of pregnancy, especially internally.
It may produce dermatitis in sensitive individuals. The maximum dermal level is 0.8% (Tisserand & Young, pg. 477). Do not use with children under the age of 2.
Ylang Ylang, Video – Student Project, Tina Mathieu
Oracle Reading, Ylang, Lemon and Black Pepper- Student Project Tina Mathieu
Assorted Essential Oils Video Robert- Part Two
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