CARRIER OILS

Overview

Hi, Apprenticeship and Pleasure Cruise Adventurers. Please take a moment to listen to your animated assistant as she explains this significant chapter.

You may choose to start your readings in the Ship’s Library.

 

 

However, please move to the Ship’s Blending Lab when you’d like to experiment with the carrier oils or make blends. There is personal space made just for you. Pull up your chair.

Please set aside a few days to review this information. Take notes, as usual, when you listen to the videos. Only some carriers and infused oils covered in this write-up appear in the video at the bottom of the page. There are also shorter videos covering special techniques and a video exercise on carrier oils. Because of the amount of knowledge on this page, it is meant to be a reference, so refer back to it when you like.

Carrier oils are a foundational course element, so please take your time with this section.

As usual, after reading the lesson and watching the videos, Scroll to the Practical Potions Journal at the bottom of this section to receive your transformational exercises.

This Chapter Provides a New Set of Tools:

Carriers, infused, and macerated oils are the medium for many potions. If you understand how to choose your carrier wisely, you will potentize your concoctions. Carrier oils are enough to heal and soothe some health issues. At other times, they make a synergistic base to add essential oils. In this introductory-level course, we will discuss the overall health benefits of carrier oils.

In Practical Potions Advanced, you will review these carrier oils, emphasizing their effects on the skin, and be introduced to many more. If you learn the carriers, they will become a helpful addition to your medicine bag.
Also, focus on some local carriers that are produced in the area where you live.

What are Carrier Oils, Infused Oils, and Macerated Oils? Video-

The skin is the largest organ of our body. Nothing that cannot be eaten should be applied to the skin. Pesticides, herbicides, and other contaminants, such as heavy metals, are attracted to fats and bioaccumulate, so buy good-quality carrier oils.

Infused or Macerated  Oils

What They Are And How to Prepare Them?

Infused or macerated oils are vegetable oils infused with fresh or recently dried plant materials that provide additional health benefits.

Arnica, calendula and Saint John’s wort are three examples of macerated oils.

They are prepared in several ways but usually in a 1:5 weight-to-volume ratio. This means 100 grams of plant material is combined with 500 millilitres of oil. Three methods are commonly used.

Sun Infused Oils – Method #1- Traditional

The sun infusion method is the first way to create infused oils. Infusing oils in the sun works well in parts of the world with hot, sunny summers.

Before starting- clean your plant material and shake or gently towel it dry. Then let it wilt so that it gets lots of air and does not mould for 12-48 hours. You can also use fresh plant material in some circumstances. Wilting will lessen the water content in the plant and help you achieve a better outcome.

Macerate the wilted and dried plant material. Place 100 grams of this macerated material in a clear, wide-mouthed glass jar. Pour 500 millilitres of the carrier oil of your choice over the macerated plant. Almond, apricot, sunflower, safflower, and olive are common choices.

Please ensure the carrier oil you start with is fresh and of decent quality. If you begin with a rancid or poor-quality carrier oil, your end product will reflect these choices. Saturate the plant material with the carrier oil. Set this mixture in warm sunlight for up to two weeks. Shake the jar every day to ensure complete and even exposure.

The lid on your jar should be replaced with a breathable cover to evaporate water vapour. One easy way to make a practical lid is to put a muslin cloth over the top of the jar and hold it in place with a large elastic band.

After two weeks, press and filter this mixture well. We use a large lemon press.

Add a small amount of a natural preservative, such as vitamin E, to the finished product.

Label your sun infusion with the date and ingredients used with an indelible pen. Store in the refrigerator or a cold, dark location with a well-sealed lid.

Please wash your hands and clean the plants to reduce the possibility of contamination by bacteria, fungi or insects.

Method # 2 Making Infused Oils in a Crockpot

In colder climates, using a low-temperature crockpot will produce high-quality macerated oil.

The oil and plant material are the same 1:5 ratio, but the finished product takes only four to six hours to complete at a low-temperature setting.

The lid is removed the whole time, and the temperature should be low.

One advantage of this preparation is that plant material containing moisture will have less opportunity to spoil due to the growth of moulds, etc.

A twelve-hour wilt period in both methods will help remove 70-80% moisture content and ensure greater success.

Remember that although the carrier oils are natural, this does not ensure that individuals will not react or have sensitivities to certain oils. So, always ask them if they have any allergies before proceeding. Skin tests should be conducted to ensure no allergies before large-scale application.

Please look at your Practical Potions Workbook under the carrier oil section for more instructions on creating a product using the crockpot and sun infusion method.

The carrier oil section includes many facts and interesting asides, some applicable to aromatherapy and others for overall healing.

There will only be a short video for all the carriers, so more reading is required in this section.

Method # 3 Custom Dried Plant Oil Infusion – 

This method is adapted from Kami McBride’s work. She specializes in making carrier oils. Check her out for more details and ideas.
We are making Calendula Infused Oil.

Selection and Preparation:

You can start with 2 ounces of your preferred dried plant material. We are using calendula flowers. To maintain purity, ensure they’re free of leaves and stems.

Activation Process:
In a lidded bowl, combine the dried flowers with 1 ounce per volume of 100% alcohol. This step is essential for initiating the infusion process. Let them rest for 12 hours to hydrate fully.

Blending Technique:
Could you transfer the hydrated botanicals into a blender and introduce an oil of your choice? This oil will act as a carrier, capturing the essence of the plants. Blend on high until the mixture becomes slightly warm, releasing the plant’s beneficial properties.

Infusion Period:
Allow the mixture to sit at room temperature for 48 hours. During this time, blend intermittently—approximately 3-5 times daily until warmth is generated each time, to ensure a consistent infusion.

Sunlight Phase:
Position the bowl in a sunny indoor spot to benefit from the sun’s gentle warmth, avoiding the outdoor elements, which can introduce too much variability.

Straining Ritual:
When the infusion time is complete, prepare to strain. Over the sink, place a piece of tight-woven cotton muslin over a funnel. Carefully pour the mixture through, allowing it to filter naturally without rushing—patience is key. Once fully strained, transfer your infused oil into clean bottles.

This meticulous process yields a therapeutic oil infused with the unique qualities of your chosen plant. Enjoy the fruits of your craftsmanship in your aromatic applications.

Approximate Dilution Rates for Essential Oils in Carrier Oils

Here is a chart of some approximate dilution rates. Remember that thinner essential oils, like orange, have smaller drops than thicker oils, such as vetiver. So, this chart is here for ease. When working with sensitive individuals or more potent essential oils, always dilute your rates and patch test before proceeding.

One teaspoon is roughly 5 ml of carrier oil. This quantity generally corresponds to 60-100 drops, but we’ll use the 100-drop count for ease and safety, which is particularly beneficial for those new to the practice.

0.2% dilution: Add one drop of essential oil to 1 ounce (or about 30 ml) of carrier oil. This ultra-mild concentration is perfect for extremely sensitive skin or when introducing a new oil to your blend.

0.5% dilution: Mix three drops of essential oil with 1 ounce (roughly 30 ml) of carrier oil. Ideal for facial applications and individuals with sensitive skin, this rate offers a slightly more robust but still gentle option.

1% dilution: Combine six drops of essential oil with 1 ounce (or approximately 30 ml) of carrier oil. This level is well-suited for sensitive areas, such as the face, underarms, and genitals. Patch test before proceeding.

2-3% dilution: Incorporate 12-18 drops of essential oil into 1 ounce (or about 30 ml) of carrier oil. This concentration is typically used for adult massage oils, creams, and personalized aromatic recipes.

5-10% dilution: Add 30-60 drops of essential oil to 1 ounce (roughly 30 ml) of carrier oil. Aimed at addressing acute conditions, this higher dilution should be used for short durations, at most a week.

25% dilution: Mix 150 drops of essential oil with 1 ounce (or approximately 30 ml) of carrier oil. This potent concentration is intended for specific, one-off applications such as wart or skin tag treatment and should be used sparingly, avoiding use on young, elderly, or vulnerable individuals.

Once your blend is prepared, you can apply it as needed, considering the specific uses and recommended dilution rates.

THE CARRIER OILS

SWEET ALMOND (Prunus dulcis) Oil

This slightly sticky oil is rich in vitamins A, B, D, folic acid, and E, as well as zinc, potassium, and magnesium. It is relatively odourless, colourless, and commonly used for massage therapy.

It relieves skin irritation, itching, inflammation, and dehydrated skin.

A small amount applied to dark circles under the eyes before bedtime will reduce swelling and coloration.

The oil works well on dry eczema and psoriasis.

It helps moisturize hair and reduce split ends when combined with castor and olive oil.

A thirty-minute application to the scalp, followed by a wash, helps reduce dandruff and scalp infections, moisturizes scalp tissue, and improves blood circulation.

Almond oil regulates blood pressure internally, boosts immunity, and strengthens the nervous system. The oil is especially affinity for the lungs.

Externally, it can help relieve pain from strained muscles and joints and help ensure healthy bone development in young babies.

Massage almond oil into your nails to hydrate them and make them less prone to peeling and breakage.

ALOE VERA (Aloe vera) Oil and Gel

Aloe vera oil is a maceration of gel in olive, almond, or soybean oil. This helps the oil absorb various nutrients found in the gel.

It soothes inflamed, sunburned and radiation-burned skin. Dry eczema and psoriasis patches respond well to this oil, as do skin wounds, scrapes, and bruises.

It may help to reduce scar tissue, or the formation of keloid tissue, after surgery.

Aloe Vera helps relieve yeast infections causing itching and rashes, as well as anal and genital irritation.

A small amount may relieve cold sores and help prevent blisters if applied early. The antiviral content of emodin makes it a helpful carrier oil for herpes infections, including shingle lesions.

Gingivitis, canker sores, and other gum diseases respond to aloe vera oil.

Insect bites, chickenpox, boils, ringworm, and poison ivy rashes are favourably relieved. Sore, cracked fingers and toes are helped.

Men and women will find it soothing after shaving or waxing, helping prevent ingrown hairs and soothing irritated skin.

CAUTION- avoid with acne. Some people may have allergies to aloe or sometimes the small amount of latex in the leaf. Particles of the leaf may get into gels, oil, etc. and foster a reaction.

APRICOT KERNEL (Prunus armeniaca)

Apricot Kernel is obtained from the seeds. Solvent-extracted and cold-pressed oils are on the market, so look for the latter.

It is light textured but more moisturizing than Almond oil. Its nutty flavour is helpful for mature, sensitive, inflamed skin.

The oil is a light yellow and contains reasonable amounts of vitamin E.

Energetically, Apricot Kernel is warmer than almond oil. It is antiseptic, antioxidant, and antibacterial.

Apricot Kernel oil is excellent for dry, parched skin or dry and cracked body areas, such as foot heels.

Massage therapists prize it for its emollient and penetrating properties. The oil has been used in TCM for skin tumours and ulcers.

When applied to the chest, its warm, nourishing properties make it useful for dry, spasmodic coughs. It is used to make aromatic soap.

CAUTION: Avoid use on acne-prone skin. It is comedogenic and can clog pores. The kernel oil contains amygdalin (B17).

ARGAN KERNEL (Argania spinosa)

Argan (Argania spinosa) oil is produced from the kernels of this endemic Moroccan tree. A hard-shelled nut containing one to three oil-rich kernels is revealed when the fruit pulp is removed.

Extraction is still cold-pressed and done by hand, producing a brown, unfiltered oil. The oil sits for a few weeks to allow solids to settle to the bottom and is filtered.

It contains vitamin E, carotenes, A, squalene, 80% unsaturated fatty acids, and oleuropein.

The oil is used traditionally for healing juvenile acne, rheumatism, and burns. It is also used for wrinkled, scaly, and dry skin.

It is rich and can be used in formulas up to 20%. Women with more mature, dehydrated skin may use higher percentages.

ARNICA OIL (Arnica montana)

Arnica (Arnica montana) oil is a macerated product.

A reliable carrier oil may be obtained by sun-infusing fresh, dry-wilted arnica flowers. Pick and dry the flowers in the shade for 24-48 hours, and sun-infuse your arnica flowers with your choice of vegetable oil.

Weleda, a biodynamic cosmetic company, wilts their arnica at 104 degrees Fahrenheit. They have been doing this for a long time, so it may be worth copying their procedure. Use a ratio of 1:5, and in cooler, cloudy climates, utilize a low-temperature crockpot.

Organic or wild-crafted flowers in organic oil will give the best commercial return. It is beneficial for deep bruises, including head pain. Apply full strength to the affected area for bruises, hematomas, and contusions. Try arnica oil for sprains, backaches, and painful muscle cramping from overexertion. This is our best-selling infused oil, as its pain-relieving effects are profound.

Arnica oil may be added in a 5-10% combination as a massage carrier oil but with two cautions. It should not be used near an open wound; never apply heat to the area after using arnica. It is helpful in cellulite mixtures and used in small percentages for deodorant and cosmetic preparations. If you have a ragweed allergy, this plant might be a skin sensitizer or even cause histamine reactions.

In earlier times, arnica oil was a protective anointing oil for psychic channels.

The arnica fly (Tephritis arnicae) likes to deposit its small back pupae in the flower heads. These should be removed as they increase arnica’s skin-irritating effects. Significantly fewer allergic reactions occur in oils produced from this “select” flower. Domestic species in North America are not usually infested with this insect.

A recent case was reported of a 25-year-old woman who rapidly developed enlarging necrotic lesions of the face and left leg (Sweet’s syndrome) after applying a 1.5% arnica cream. After extensive tests, the patient was found to have acute myeloid leukemia.

AVOCADO FRUIT (Persea americana)

Avocado (Persea americana) oil is derived from the delicious fruit.

The oil is rich in vitamins A & E and monosaturated fats.

It is prized in cosmetics for its high skin penetration and absorption. It is either solvent-extracted or cold-pressed. The latter is used in aromatherapy and has a green grass/mushroom flavour. Extra virgin avocado oil has a deep, emerald green colour.

Avocado oil is rich in sterolin, penetrating deeply into skin tissue for improved moisture. Combine avocado oil with castor oil for age spots.

It can be added to skin sclerosis (thickening) formulas, including scleroderma.

Its sterol content makes it useful for osteoarthritis.

Internally, avocado oil boosts the absorption of carotenoids in your food.

In a study in the Journal of Nutrition (March 2005), avocado oil enhanced alpha and beta-carotene and lutein absorption by up to 15 times, compared to a salad without avocado oil.

Due to its viscosity, a maximum of 20% is added to lighter massage oils.

BALM OF GILEAD (Populus species)

BALSAM POPLAR (Populus balsamifera) BUD OIL

Gum resins are extracted from the balsam poplar buds exported to Europe under the name tacamahaca. The name is of Aztec or West Indies origin, later becoming Hackmatack.

A macerated balsam bud oil is prepared by heating 500 ml of canola oil to a low simmer in a crockpot and adding 100 grams of fresh buds. This is continued at low heat for four to six hours and then strained and bottled.

It is a beautiful remedy for long-standing constipation, where chemical laxatives have debilitated and dried out the mucous membranes of the bowel.

Dr. Shook says it is a remarkable cholesterol and uric acid dissolver. Not only does it dissolve the excess, but the diuretic effect also carries it out of the system.

The oil makes a suitable salve for lung and respiratory congestion and the swelling and pain of rheumatism and arthritis.

 

Culpepper wrote, “The ointment called Populneon, made of this Poplar, is singularly good for all heat and inflammations in any part of the body and tempers the heat of wounds. It is much used to dry up the milk of women’s breasts when they have weaned their children.”

The buds contain many carboxylic acids, which may be helpful in the food and medical industries.

Some acid derivatives and %mg/kg of oil content are malic (6.56), malonic (2.3), citric (1.99), ketoglutaric (1.95), adipic (1.33), oxaloacetate (1.51), succinic (0.33), and butyric (0.32).

BLACK CURRANT (Ribes nigrum) SEED OIL

Black currant seed oil has many of the same properties as borage seed. Although not as rich in GLA as borage, it still contains an exceptional 18%.

Alberta produced 27-33% seed oil yields with 17% gamma-linolenic acid from the Ben Tirran variety, making it acceptable for medicinal use. Bakowska-Barczak et al, J Ag Food Chem 2009 57:24.

Black currant seed oil contains alpha-linolenic acid (15%), linoleic acid (45%), and oleic acid (10%), with a total fat content of 30.5%. Vitamin E (highest total tocopherol content) was 1716 mg per kilogram of oil. Alpha-tocopherol content is nearly 35%. Stearidonic acid is 2-4%, which easily converts to EPA.

Black Currant is more stable than other natural oils but is only viable for sixteen days unprotected from oxygen and light.

Black currant and hemp oil differ from evening primrose, borage, and flax because they contain Omega-6 GLA and Omega-3 ALA.

Black Currant Seed and Rheumatoid Arthritis- internal use

A double-blind, randomized, and placebo-controlled 24-week study on rheumatoid arthritis patients showed significantly reduced inflammation and joint tissue injury: Watson et al., British Journal of Rheumatology 1993 32.

Later work by Deferne et al., J Human Hypertension 1996 10 found cardio-protective and blood pressure benefits from seed oil in hypertensive males.

Black Currant Seed and Cholesterol- internal use

A randomized, double-blind, crossover study of fifteen healthy females by Tahvonen et al., J Nutr Biochem 2005 16:6 compared fish oil and black currant seed oil for two four-week periods.

Results showed the seed oil increased the proportion of 18:3n6 in triacylglycerols (TAG) and cholesteryl esters and that of dihomo-gamma-linolenic (20:3n6) in TAGs, CEs, and glycerophospholipids. Serum levels of LDL cholesterol were lower after black currant seed oil compared to fish oil.

Another study looking at cholesterol levels came to a similar conclusion. Black Currant Seed oil lowered total cholesterol levels and triglycerides and increased good HDL in a survey by Fa-lin et al., Phytother Res 2009 Dec 29.

Compared to other plant oils rich in GLA, black currant was the least effective at relieving diabetic neuropathy. Dines et al., Prostagland Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1996 55.

Caution: Omega-3 oils may interfere with anticoagulant medications or anti-hypertensive agents. No interaction between oral black currant oil and aspirin or NSAIDs has been reported.

BORAGE (Borago officinalis) SEED OIL

CONSTITUENTS- an average of 27% GLA and oleic, linoleic, octatrienic and octatetraenic acids. Dhurrin, a cyanophoric acid, has recently been isolated.

Each borage fruit contains four brownish nutlets or seeds.

Borage seed is a significant source of GLA or gamma-linolenic acid. Like black currant seed and evening primrose, this prostaglandin/eicosanoid precursor benefits many conditions.

Internal Use of Borage for Health Issues

It works in the body like a hormone, reducing blood clots, widening blood vessels, inhibiting cholesterol production, and generally strengthening the immune system. It has a particular application in cases of “leaky gut syndrome.”

Prostaglandins are essential for good skin cell activity, making them useful for premature aging and lack of elasticity in the skin. For this purpose, it may be used internally and externally.

A small double-blind placebo-controlled trial by Bahmer and Schafer, Kinderarztl Prax 1992 60:7 found five of seven patients with atopic dermatitis to benefit from borage oil. Fourteen of eighteen volunteers with atopic dermatitis showed significant improvement over placebo in work by Buslau et al., Z Derm 1996 182:3.

Uses in Aromatherapy

Add 10% Borage to other suitable carrier oils to treat eczema and psoriasis or apply it neat to isolated areas of affected skin.

The seeds contain up to 27% GLA, making them one of the most economical sources. It oxidizes very rapidly and is best preserved in capsule form. Then, could you poke the capsule and squeeze out what you need?

CALENDULA (Calendula officinalis)

(Calendula officinalis)

FLOWER MACERATION OIL

Calendula produces a beneficial infused oil. Some individuals like to make sun-infused oil from fresh blossoms (without the green calyx), but without preservation, the water content may create mould blooms and spoil it.

So what is the best? The fresh blossoms, dried in the shade for 72 hours, make 1:5 ratio oil. Please put this in a warm place in your carrier oil for up to ten days, shaking daily, and then strain it. However, oil becomes rancid when exposed to the sun for too long, which is one disadvantage of this method.

Those living in a cold climate like the authors can set their crockpot at 40 degrees Celsius and low simmer for six hours uncovered. Strain, cool, and refrigerate. This method is excellent. To help preserve, use about .5% vitamin E.

The 3rd recipe offered above using the Kami McBride technique has many advantages and is worth trying. You tell us which method gives you the best oil:)

What is undebatable is that calendula-infused oil has multiple uses. It is ideal for various skin problems, including cracked or rough skin, diaper rash, cracked nipples, varicose veins, bedsores, warts, and dry eczema. Fungal infections such as athlete’s foot are relieved.

In a study by Sarell et al., Arch Pediat Adolescent Medicine 2001 155:7 calendula, mullein, St. John’s wort, and garlic oil were tested as ear oil on 103 children aged 6-18. It proved as effective in relief as eardrops containing ametrine and phenazone in glycerin.

Calendula oil is a premiere wound healing product for leg ulcerations and persistent cuts with infection involved. Because Calendula is a potent stimulator of granulation, care must be taken not to allow excessive tissue formation that may result in keloid scar formation.

Saini et al., Homeopathy 2012 101 92-98 found calendula oil beneficial in a study on human gingival fibroblasts.

Pommier et al., J Clin Oncol 2004 22 found calendula ointment to be a safe and cost-effective treatment for preventing mild to severe radiation-induced dermatitis in post-operative breast cancer patients. It was superior to trolamine without the side effects of itching and hives.

Pain reduction with ointments has been reported. McQuestion et al., Semin Oncol Nurs 2006 22:3; Bolderston et al., Support Care Cancer 2006 14:8.

Calendula cream has been reported in one study to reduce pain associated with post-mastectomy lymphedema.

A Recipe for Calendula Salve is in Your Practical Potions Journal.

To make a suppository, use coconut oil instead of olive or canola. Then, could you shape it into a suppository shape with aluminum foil or purchase holds from a holistic pharmacy? At fridge temperature, they will keep quite well, and before inserting vaginally or rectally, let them warm at room temperature for one hour.

This is an excellent remedy for chronic infections, nonspecific vaginitis, hemorrhoids, cysts, or cervical dysplasia, stage 1 or 2. Echinacea and thuja oil extracts, made with coconut oil, may be combined for human papillomavirus-associated dysplasia, genital warts, and the like.

If you have a ragweed allergy, this plant might be a skin sensitizer or even cause histamine reactions.

CAMELLIA (Camellia japonica) SEED OIL

Cold-pressing the seeds of the Tsubaki Japanese flower creates this valuable carrier oil. It is a very effective emollient with over 92% oleic acid (Omega 9). The yield is about 20-30%.

Heat and solvent-extracted oils are avoided in aromatherapy.

It is a remarkable transdermal oil that quickly penetrates the lower levels of the skin. It is used in hair care products and combined with rice bran oil for sunscreen products.

It does not block skin pores and is safe to use with acne. When used straight, it increases flexibility and softens the elbows, knees, and heels.

CANOLA (Brassica rapa) SEED OIL

Canola oil is most valuable for health in its organic and cold-pressed form. It contains significant amounts of vitamin K, a little-understood vitamin that plays a crucial role in bone and blood health, including clotting factors.

Canola oil is an excellent source and provides 100% of the RDA when present in the diet at greater than 15% of the caloric content. Both light and heat destroy this valuable component.

Internal Use:

Canola slightly lowers LDL or bad cholesterol better than most other vegetable oils. It has less saturated fat than olive oil and is one of the better sources of omega-3 fatty acids. It has one of the best ratios of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids. While both are needed for good health, they only work effectively when in the proper ratio. Omega 6 competes with omega 3, so your body will not absorb the latter if you have too much omega 6.

The ideal omega 6 to 3 ratio is less than 4 to 1, with up to 10 to 1 acceptable. Canola has a ratio of 2 to 1 versus olive, with a ratio of 16 to 1, and corn oil is 60 to 1.

Recent work by Vogel, 2000 found that unless accompanied by anti-oxidant vegetables or vitamins, olive oil impeded artery function as much as a fast food meal, such as an Egg McMuffin. Canola oil, on the other hand, had little or no adverse effect on arterial function.

For Skin

The organic, cold-pressed oil resists rancidity and is a favourite for producing macerated plant oils.

CAUTION– over 90% of canola oil today is genetically modified.

CARROT (Daucus carota)

CARROT SEED OIL

Cold-pressed carrot seed oil is viscous, pale yellow and quite aromatic. It is rich in beta-carotene, vitamins B, C, D and E and various fatty acids.

Carrot seed oil is anti-inflammatory and helps treat skin rash, dry skin, mature skin, and burns.

CARROT ROOT OIL

The cultivated Nantes carrot fruit yields 7-12% of a fixed oil, with a fatty acid content of 46.5%. Petroselinic acid (64%) was the major component, with linoleic (11%), myristic (12%), palmitic (3.8%), and capric acid (6%) also present.

The unsaponifiable matter (20%) consisted mainly of beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol, delta-avenasterol and delta-7-avenasterol.

Wild carrot varies with 76% of petroselinic acid, 14% linoleic, the same palmitic, and no myristic acid present.

A commercial carrot root oil is produced for the cosmetic and aromatherapy market. It may come as pure fixed oil (pricey) or diluted in sunflower or olive oil. It stains orange.

It contains small amounts of boron. It can be used for dry or oily acne conditions. Combined with other appropriate carriers, it heals scar tissue and regenerates skin cells.

The rich content of carotenoids helps protect the skin from ultraviolet rays.

CASTOR (Ricinus communis) SEED OIL

Ricinus communis

Castor oil is very pale yellow. It is a triglyceride in which 90% of the fatty acid chains are ricinoleate. Ricinoleic acid is a monosaturated 18-carbon fatty acid with a hydroxyl functional group on the 12^th carbon, making it more polar than most fats.

It is added to several modern drugs, including paclitaxel, tacrolimus, and some topical ointments.

Turkey Red oil is a sulphated castor oil used in “natural” bubble bath formulations due to its ability to form suds.

Castor oil packs are warm applications used for various gastrointestinal and urogenital conditions involving pain and inflammation. The oil is warmed, and cotton sheets are saturated and applied to the affected region.

The oil is used in lip balms, salves and eyebrow pencils and is combined with beeswax.

The oil can be used on the scalp to improve hair growth by increasing circulation and fighting bacterial and fungal infections associated with folliculitis and dandruff. Ricinoleic acid helps balance scalp pH and helps undo some of the damage associated with hair dyes and bleaching.

Ricin, a deadly poison, is derived from the seed. There’s no internal use!

CAULOPHYLLUM INOPHYLLUM SEED OIL

TAMANU OIL

CONSTITUENTS: calophyllolide, lactones, friedelin, inophyllums B & P, benzoic acid, various fatty acids, including linoleic, oleic, stearic, and palmitic acids; phenyl coumarins; and glycerides.

The nut is unusual. There is no apparent oil when the fruits are collected and cracked open. When the kernel drys for a month or more, it turns a deep, chocolate brown and is quite sticky and thick. The oil is squeezed using a simple screw press, giving a dark green, pleasant-smelling oil. It is pretty dense and yet absorbs into the skin quite nicely.

Tamanu oil helps promote the formation of new skin tissue and repairs damaged skin after wound healing. It is helpful for insect bites, stings, cuts, scrapes, and burns. Its antibiotic and anti-inflammatory properties are useful for postsurgical wounds and radiation burns.

In one study where tamanu oil was used on scars for six weeks, their size was reduced. Beausoleil C et al. Biosci Lab Inc. XX 2001.

Tamanu is used in formulas for acne scars, psoriasis, diabetic ulcers, anal fissures, herpes sores, and sunburned skin. It is specific for ringworms and scabies. It is analgesic and relieves neuralgia, sciatica, and rheumatic pain. In Tahiti, the oil is used to prevent diaper rash.

It contains calophyllic acid, a novel antibiotic lactone, and an anti-inflammatory compound called calophyllolide. This cortisone-like nature makes it sound like a pain-relieving lotion for chronic conditions. At one time, it was used for leprosy. In France, the oil is added to suppositories to relieve painful hemorrhoids.

CENTELLA ASIATICA OIL

GOTU KOLA OIL

CONSTITUENTS- madecassic acid, Asiatic acid, madecassoside, asiaticoside.

This is a fresh plant macerate, often produced with organic sunflower oil. Centella can stimulate the synthesis of collagen and have a regenerative effect on the tissue.

It has been used traditionally for leprosy and severe skin conditions.

I have used it successfully in treating scleroderma, a complex auto-immune condition that causes organ systems and skin hardening. It helps relieve vascular congestion and reconnect severed blood vessels.

Chronic lymphatism, including elephantiasis and an enlarged, swollen scrotum, may respond favourably to an external application.

This oil may benefit any disease of cellular tissue, including erythema and keloid formation. Surgical wounds will heal smoother with less scar tissue formation. Skin grafting may result in rejection. Application of this oil may assist in successful outcomes.

COCOA (Theobroma cacao) BUTTER

THEOBROMA BEAN OIL

This is a pale-yellow, edible fat extracted from the cocoa bean. It is the main ingredient in white chocolate.

Cocoa beans are fermented, roasted, and then separated from hulls. Cocoa butter contains high saturated fats, mainly stearic and palmitic acids, and about 34% oleic acid. It is solid at 20° Celsius and has a melting point of 34° C.

It has a long storage life, 2-5 years at a cool temperature.

It is a wonderful moisturizer frequently used in blends to prevent stretch marks during pregnancy. It also uses lip balms as a daily moisturizer to prevent dry, itchy skin.

It has wide use in the preparation of vaginal and anal suppositories.

It may have an application for alopecia.

COCONUT (Cocos nucifera) OIL

Virgin coconut oil is produced from fresh coconut milk, meat, or residue using a slow-speed screw press. It takes one thousand mature coconuts weighing approximately 1,440 kilograms to yield around 70 litres of coconut oil.

A refined, bleached, and deodorized oil is made from dried coconut kernel (copra). A hydraulic press with added heat extracts the oil unsuitable for consumption and must undergo further heating and filtering. Refined coconut oil has no taste or aroma.

Coconut oil is solid at room temperature and is ideal for making macerated oils that reduce the need for beeswax in making suppositories. It has been traditionally used for dry skin and hair.

Fractionated Coconut Oil- (FCO)

It is called fractionated, as the long-chain triglycerides (lauric acid) have been removed. Fractionated coconut oil is a lightweight oil. It provides an effective barrier and is less likely than most carriers to clog pores.  Although pricey, it is cost-effective as it is resistant to becoming rancid. It is colourless and odourless and mixes well with other oils without altering their scent, appearance, or effectiveness.

Fractionated coconut oil is used in massage therapy due to its liquid nature.

COMFREY (Symphytum officinalis) GEL and OIL

Comfrey gel is produced from the root. It is rich in allantoin, a potent cell regenerator, and is an ideal medium for mixing essential oils.

When we had an herbal store, we used to buy the gel in large 15-kilogram pails from an Oregon producer.

Comfrey leaf oil is a macerate made with canola, olive, or sunflower oil.

A 1:5 ratio is used for either a sun infusion or in a crock pot set at a low temperature. This is excellent for broken bones, bruises, burns, and scars, as well as arthritis and rheumatism aches and pains. Please do not use it internally.

Comfrey Salve- Brenda Holder- Survival Crafts

 

CORN (Zea mays) SEED OIL

CONSTITUENTS- linoleic (34-62%), oleic (19-50%), palmitic (8-19%), and stearic acid (0-4%), steroids, cycloasdol, daucosterol, eugenol, limonene, vitamin E, and allantoin.

The seed oil variation is due to the type of corn and geographic locale. Its primary use is as a food oil and dietary supplement, but it is also used as a solvent for injections.

I do not use corn oil for aromatic use, but it is possible if this is what you have handy.

I’ve included the following uses for internal applications for you to look at.

It is a very suitable oil for human consumption when cold-pressed and organic. The leftovers make fine cattle cake.

Corn germ oil inhibits the development of arterial plaque, but only in a cold-pressed form. It strongly influences the pancreatic-duodenal junction and is used to treat hepatitis and cholecystitis.

Whole kernel oil contains four phytonutrients (free phytosterols, fatty acyl phytosterol esters, ferulate phytosterol esters, and gamma-tocopherol).

Studies by Moreau et al. at the University of Illinois, reported in J Agric Food Chemistry 2001 49, showed potential for a commercial “whole kernel oil” containing physiologically significant phytosterols. Daily, one to three grams of phytosterols is required to lower an adult’s serum cholesterol level.

DANDELION (Taraxacum officinale) FLOWER OIL

Dandelion oil is made by putting the flower heads, without green calyx, in a good quality carrier oil and setting the glass container in the sun for seven to ten days.

In a cooler climate, make in a low-temperature crockpot for six hours. Strain well and add some dandelion flower essence and one tbsp vegetable glycerin as a preservative.

Making Infused Dandelion Oil in a Crockpot-

It is the same as other infused recipes, but we wanted to repeat the instructions for ease.

Allowing the flower heads to wilt for at least twelve hours should remove 70-80% of the moisture content and ensure tremendous success.

A low-temperature crockpot will produce high-quality macerated oil.

Use one part of the wilted flower by weight to five parts of the carrier oil by volume. Heat at a low-temperature setting. The finished product takes only four to six hours to complete.

The lid is removed the whole time, and the temperature should be low.

Dandelions and Colorectal Cancer

Recent work by Hu and Kitts at UBC confirmed the antioxidant properties of dandelion flowers and their cytotoxic activity against the human colon colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line. The complete study may be found in J Agric Food Chem 2003 51:1.

Yasukawa et al., Phytother Res, 1998 12 previously found flower extracts more effective at reducing inflammation than those from other plant parts.

Dandelion Carrier is Great for Neck and Shoulder Tension-
Video – Please, Press Play

Sar Dharam Kaur ND writes that dandelion oil works “well for relaxing tense back and neck muscles and is great for deep tissue work, as it helps release stored tension and toxins. Dandelion oil can also be used to reduce breast cysts.”

Dandelion root contains a small amount of latex, which some people may react to. If you have a ragweed allergy, this plant might be a skin sensitizer or even cause histamine reactions.

EMU OIL

CONSTITUENTS- mainly oleic acid (49.46%), palmitic acid (21.7%), stearic acid (9.36%), linoleic acid (11.74%), linolenic acid (1.38%), and various small amounts of C12, C14, C14:1, C15, C16:1, C17, C20, C20:1, C20:2, and C20 4n6.

Some people prefer not to use animal oils. They were raised for this purpose, and if you choose to use Emu, here are its properties.

Emu oil has superior anti-inflammatory properties. It also aids in the repair of badly burned skin or recent scar tissue. Its composition closely resembles that of human skin oil.

Emu oil appears to penetrate all seven layers of skin. This makes it a valuable carrier oil for aromatherapy treatment, various skin conditions, and carrying anti-oxidants deeper into the tissues.

In studies by Dr. Peter Pugliese on skin thickness, one-month applications on ten individuals increased the skin thickness on the back of their hands by 14%.

Another study by Dr. John Griswold at Texas Tech, which followed ten burn victims over nine months, showed significantly improved inflammation and reduced scarring.

The oil shows exciting promise as an alternative to cortisone creams for inflamed joints, eczema and other forms of dermatitis.

One preliminary study by Dr. Thom Leahey in 1995 in Ardmore, Oklahoma, indicates that the oil may provide arthritic relief.

Twenty volunteers in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study used mineral or Emu oil. After only two weeks, 7 of the 12 people using Emu oil reported significantly reduced pain, morning stiffness and swelling. Only one of the eight controls reported the same results.

It is believed that because Emu oil is phospholipid-deficient, it penetrates more easily into the skin. The skin is programmed to keep any product containing phosphorus from penetrating, giving Emu oil a distinct advantage.

In animal studies, emu oil significantly reduced the severity of acute ear inflammation, with the most significant reduction occurring after six hours. Am J Vet Res 1999 60:12.

A 2003 study published in Lipids found emu oil has greater anti-inflammatory properties than fish, flax or olive oil.

Work by Snowden et al, Inflammopharmacology 1997 5:2 found emu oil comparable to ingestion of 40 mg/kg of ibuprofen.

Another study examined emu oil on rat skin defects and found it promoted wound contraction, epithelial healing, and organized granulation infiltration compared to furasin, polysporin, hydrocortisone 1% ointment, or a control.

A study of ten male patients aged 24-62 in a randomized, double-blind emu oil or placebo trial found that wound areas healed significantly better. Penturf et al., Presentation at Annual meeting of American Burn Assoc Mar 18-21 1998.

Rancidity can be problematic with any oil, including rendered and filtered animal fat. Emu oil should resist rancidity for a year or longer in cold storage.

The oil has low irritation potential, similar to water.

It is hypoallergenic and does not clog pores, so it is a good moisturizer.

EVENING PRIMROSE (Oenothera biennis) SEED OIL

CONSTITUENTS- cis-linoleic acid (72%), GLA (9%), palmitic, oleic and stearic acids. The protein is rich in sulphur-bearing amino acids and tryptophan.

Much of this discussion is for the internal use of evening primrose, but there are also numerous uses for this oil on the skin.

A GLA, or gamma-linolenic acid-rich oil, with an aromatic flavour similar to poppy seed oil, is produced from the ripe seeds. Over two hundred and fifty papers have been written on its medical wonders, from auto-immune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and multiple sclerosis to skin problems like eczema and psoriasis to relieving PMS, diabetes, Alzheimer’s, endometriosis, and heart disease.

Evening Primrose oil is especially beneficial to those with low delta-6-desaturase levels. Gamma linolenic acid is not usually obtained directly from dietary sources, and the body relies on metabolic conversion from dietary linolenic acid. This may be affected by various concerns, including age, diabetes, cardiovascular and cholesterol health, high alcohol intake, viral infections, cancer, nutritional defects, atopic eczema and premenstrual syndrome.

This is a very information-rich lesson. Be sure to take the tea breaks you need!

 

 

Evening Primrose Oil and Diabetes:

Patients suffering from diabetic neuropathy, in one clinical trial involving 22 males and females, showed positive benefits in a parallel, double-blind study.

Eleven type 1 diabetic children were given evening primrose oil (EPO) for four months in a study at Juntendo University in Tokyo. Metabolism of prostaglandin and fat metabolism both improved and stabilized.

Two studies in England involving over 400 patients with diabetes showed nerve damage or neuropathy was significantly reduced.

Dr. Boulton of the Royal Hospital in Manchester found similar improvement in 146 people with diabetes in a one-year study.

Evening primrose is helpful when taken internally and rubbed externally to help with diabetic ulcers and nerve damage.

In a study at the Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital in Tokyo, sardine oil, vitamin E, and EPO were given to people with diabetes. In some cases, lower blood lipid levels and prevention of vascular occlusions were noted after only one month.

A human, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial by Jamal et al., Lancet 1986 1098 on diabetic neuropathy demonstrated a reversal of symptoms with evening primrose oil.

In one animal study, evening primrose outshone both borage and black currant oils in reversing diabetic neuropathy. This may or may not relate to humans, but each oil does have unique properties. Trials have found the oil helps reverse muscle weakness, arm tendon reflex, and numbness.

Evening Primrose and PMS:

There are mixed reviews on the effectiveness of EPO in treating PMS. Some studies found remission of severe symptoms in up to 61% of patients. A recent review of seven placebo-controlled clinical trials (5 randomized) reported improvements in PMS. However, two of the better-controlled studies failed to show any benefit.

In all the studies, no changes were found in plasma levels of 6-keto-prostaglandin F, FSH, LH, prolactin, progesterone, estradiol, or testosterone, suggesting some other mechanism at work.

One placebo-controlled, double-blind study on 35 women suffering from menopausal flushing showed no significant difference from the control group. In a study of 38 patients by Kenny et al., Int J Cancer 2000 85, the oil was found to work synergistically with tamoxifen.

Hypersensitivity to prolactin during PMS is believed to be due to low levels of PGE₁.

Twenty-eight women with menopausal symptoms were given EPO for six months in a study at the Hospital for Obstetrics and Gynecology at Keele University.

Evaluation of their diaries indicated a significant reduction in night-time hot flashes.

A recent six-week randomized clinical trial of 56 menopausal women looked at the intensity of hot flashes. Two capsules of EPO or placebo were taken daily. Results found decreased intensity and frequency in the group taking the oil. Farzaneh F et al., Arch Gynecol Obstet 2013 288(5): 1075-9.

A six-week randomized clinical trial of 56 menopausal women found that 500 mg daily of evening primrose oil decreased the intensity of hot flashes and improved social activity, relations with others and sexuality. Farzaneh F et al., Arch Gynecol Obstet 2013 288:5.

Other Health Benefits:

Studies from Scotland show that evening primrose oil encouraged the regeneration of liver cell damage caused by alcohol. It is thought to stop alcohol from damaging brain cells by bolstering them with unsaturated fats. The brain is composed mainly of fat.

Evening Primrose oil has been found to reduce tremors from chronic lithium use by manic-depressive patients.

Studies from a New York hospital found it helped overweight people reduce. Other studies have shown improvement in over two-thirds of hyperactive children.

Evening Primrose and Skin:

Although two older, large trials found no benefit in atopic eczema, other trials have seen positive results in children 1-12 years old and 320-480 mg in adults for three months. McHenry et al, BMJ 1995 310.

Two recent clinical trials suggest efficacy in treating atopic dermatitis (AD). In one trial of forty patients, 160 mg and 320 mg of EPO daily were equally effective in treating the skin condition. Chung BY et al Ann Dermatol 2013 25(3): 285-91.

GLA is found in breast milk. Sometimes, infants switched to artificial milk formulas are deficient in delta-6-desaturase, with resultant atopic eczema. A baby’s digestive system is not fully developed until at least five months of age. Massaging the oil directly into the skin allows quick absorption into the body. In England, topical creams are registered for medicinal use for this very condition. The oil is a superior carrier oil for skin care and aroma therapeutics.

Neurodermatitis is a chronic skin condition related to allergic response, causing burning and itching, especially at night.

One study at the University of Turku, Finland, on 14 sufferers for 12 weeks found a significant reduction of infections.

A year-long multi-center study of 609 patients found significant symptom relief after three months. The symptoms improved in over half of the patients, so no further medication was needed.

Dr. Lepore has found that evening primrose oil appears to antidote wheat and corn allergies. The oil helps prevent the formation of leukotrienes that contribute to asthma attacks. Prostaglandin E1 produced from GLA also prevents the release of arachidonic acid, helping control inflammation.

Evening Primrose and Breasts:

Women with non-cyclic breast pain and inflammation found that taking three grams daily of EPO has an equal effect on bromocriptine or danazol but with fewer side effects (4% vs. 30-35%).

One study of 566 women with benign breast disease at Western General Hospital in Edinburgh, Scotland, over seven years found EPO and B6 of significant benefit. Another study at the University Clinic in Manchester found that 75% of women with breast pain were treated successfully with EPO.

A study at King’s College Hospital in London involving 276 physicians revealed that 30% reported good results in treating mastopathy, or painful breasts. Work by Horobin, Rev Contemp Pharmacother 1990 1 found GLA helpful in cyclical mastalgia. Combined with EPA, the oil reduced symptoms of endometriosis in 90% of women, whereas 90% of the placebo group found no relief. This work also found a beneficial effect in ulcerative colitis and Sjogren’s syndrome, with relief of lethargy and modest improvement in tear flow.

In another study by Munoz et al., Nutrition 1999 15 evening primrose oil enhanced the body’s ability to fight cancer tumours. Work by Horrobin in 1994 found high doses of GLA prolonged life, without side effects, in patients suffering from liver, breast, brain and esophageal cancers.

A faster response to tamoxifen was found in patients with estrogen-sensitive breast cancer.

Evening Primrose and Pregnancy:

Midwives have found that new mothers, who usually have 12 hours of active labour, have only 4-6 hours when taking up to four grams of evening primrose oil daily throughout pregnancy. Perineal lacerations/episiotomies and stretch marks are significantly reduced.

The oil can be rubbed directly on the cervix to encourage softening and opening. Apply oil to fingers and rub slowly around and into the os, holding the os open through 2-3 contractions.

Evening Primrose Oil appears to help prevent pre-eclampsia, a severe complication of pregnancy involving a sudden rise in blood pressure and edema. A controlled, double-blind study at Tulane University in New Orleans found that a combination of EPO, fish oil and magnesium oxide resulted in no cases. At the same time, the placebo group had three cases of pre-eclampsia.

Animal and human cancer cell studies in South Africa and India found GLA reduced cancer growth by 70%, probably by binding to specific proteins that stimulate the formation and development of these cells.

Numerous studies, including some above and others, suggest the efficacy of EPO in various autoimmune diseases, childhood hyperactivity, chronic inflammation, ethanol toxicity and acute alcohol withdrawal syndrome, Ichthyosis vulgaris, scleroderma, Sjogren’s syndrome, brittle nails, mastalgia, various psychiatric syndromes, tardive dyskinesia, ulcerative colitis, and migraine headaches.

CAUTION- Some individuals with schizophrenia taking epileptogenic drugs (phenothiazines) and evening primrose oil may be subject to an increased risk of temporal lobe epilepsy or difficulty in breathing. This report has been repeated numerous times, yet the only reference is an anonymous entry in the Data Sheet Compendium 1994-5, with no details available.

No seizures or epileptic events were observed in a crossover study of 48 patients (primarily schizophrenic) taking phenothiazines when given EPO for four months. Vaddadi KS et al., Psychiatry Res 1989 27 313-23.

Phenothiazines decrease seizure threshold independently, so any interaction report must be well documented to be credible. Borage oil may be a suitable substitute for those concerned.

FLAXSEED (Linum usitatissimum) SEED OIL

Flaxseed oil is one of the richest sources of ALA, with twice the density of salmon oil, another good source of omega-3 fatty acids.

Along with 55% alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), it also contains 15% omega 6, 21% omega 9, and oleic acids, with less than 10% saturated fats. As you know, ALA requires conversion via the liver to form omega 3. This pathway is not suitable for those with impaired hepatic function. The seed oil is rich in phospholipids that form cell membranes, promote nerve insulation, and improve immunity.

Nutritionists believe cold-pressed, organic flaxseed oil results in smoother skin, improved immunity, better energy, quicker wound healing and less anxiety and stress. Personal care products like Noxzema Original Skin Cream and Ponds Fresh Start Daily Wash contain flaxseed oil.

Ingestion of the oil is excellent for hair. A study by Glanbia of 33 women aged 45-55 found that 16 grams of flaxseed per day in nutrition bars for four weeks improved softness, smoothness, lustre, shine, ease of brushing and combing and reduced oiliness.

Flaxseed was eaten as a seed for health benefits:

Flaxseed helps improve hormonal regulation and lowers cholesterol and triglycerides.

Alpha-linolenic acid is believed to block the production of a protein called TNF, or tumour necrosis factor, which helps to create the blood vessels that tumours need to grow.

Omega 3 fatty acids appear to limit the production of prostaglandins, which can speed up tumour growth in large amounts.

Omega 3 appears to reduce the incidence of blood clotting that can lead to heart disease and stroke. It lowers LDL cholesterol, and in one four-week study, taking five tablespoons of flaxseed oil daily lowered harmful LDL by 8%. In this regard, it offers better protection against heart attacks than either canola or olive oil.

Most North Americans suffer from Omega 3 deficiency. Several generations of vegetable oil substitution, particularly those rich in Omega 6, hydrogenated, and trans-fatty acids, are believed to have led to many health problems.

 

Flaxseed oil prevents cancer cells from sticking to other cell tissue, thus reducing the incidence of metastases.

Work by Bhatia et al., J Med Food 9:2 found flaxseed oil protects against the oxidative stress caused by cyclophosphamide chemotherapy.

Flaxseed’s lignans and phyto-estrogenic activity extend to the oil but in much smaller amounts. The lignans are both estrogenic and anti-estrogenic, helping reduce symptoms of menopause and acting as weak estrogen antagonists, helping prevent hormone-sensitive cancers.

Flaxseed oil made tamoxifen more effective in reducing the growth of MCF-7 breast cancer cells at low concentrations. Saggar et al., Mol Nutr Food Res 2010 54:3.

The fatty acids can help remove heavy metals from the body. They combine well with cilantro, ground ivy, parsley, and other herbs.

Flaxseed in Ayurvedic Medicine:

In Ayurvedic medicine, flaxseed oil is considered sweet and a promoter of strength. KSAUMA is hot, pungent and aggravates pitta.

Ayurvedic physicians use flaxseed oil to treat urinary complaints and massage oil to help Vata types calm their nervous system and reduce dry, inflamed skin conditions. Panic attacks may be due, in part, to a deficiency of ALA. One study found three of four patients with a history of agoraphobia improved after 2-3 months of taking 2-3 teaspoons of flax oil daily. Rudin et al., Bio Psych 1981 16.

The freshly extracted oil is vulnerable to heat, light, and oxygen and is best packed in dark, nitrogen-packed bottles. After opening, the oil should be used quickly and kept refrigerated.

It has a rather unpleasant smell, similar to melted butter.

GRAPE (Vitis vinifera) SEED OIL

Grape seed oil is pressed from seeds and is an abundant by-product of the wine industry.

It is used in cosmetics due to its light texture and ability to control moisture in the skin. It contains nearly 70% linoleic acid.

It is also used as a lubricant in shaving lotions. Because it is light and quickly penetrates the skin, it is an ideal massage oil for clients with oily skin. It is beneficial for the skin around the eyes and, due to its mild astringent properties, helps firm up and tighten skin.

It is rarely found in organic form and is usually extracted by solvent. Due to direct contact with combustion gases during the drying process, it has been found to contain dangerous levels of PAHs.

It is an excellent product if you can find 100% virgin, organic, cold-pressed and unrefined grapeseed oil. It is also expensive. One-eighth of a litre can sell for up to $65 US.

HAZEL (Corylus avellana) NUT OIL

CONSTITUENTS- 70-84% oleic, and minor amounts of linoleic (10-20%), palmitic (3-8%), stearic (1-4%), alpha-linolenic acid (<1.5%), and myristic fatty acids, corylin, melibiose, raffinose, and stachyose. The nuts contain over 56% oil, of which 4.8-8.4% is saturated fatty acids.

Cold-pressed hazelnut oil was believed to have been first extracted during the Bronze Age.

It has the lowest fat content of any nut and contains sizable quantities of Vitamin E. After pressing; the oil is left in vats for one week to allow sediment to settle. One litre is produced from 2.5 kilos of nuts. The leftover seed meal (19% protein) can be substituted up to 40% for soybean meal in egg-laying feed for hens.

Like canola oil, hazelnut oil contains a large percentage of mono-saturated fats. When rabbits were fed a high-cholesterol diet, all the risk factors began to present, and when hazelnut oil was added to the diet, not only did the levels of oxidized lipids, LDL, and VLDL drop but so did the number of atherosclerotic lesions that had formed in their aortas.

Its true value in cooking is for salad dressings, sauces, and nutty cakes. This oil will give your popcorn a buttery taste without the butter.

The oil is very gentle but effective in cases of threadworm or pinworm in babies and young children. To this day, it is used in Quebec for toothaches.

Skin:

The oil is slightly astringent and perfect for oily or combination skin in cosmetic care. It also helps with acne, dermatitis, and seborrheic eczema.

Hazelnut is more easily absorbed than most oils, making it ideal for facial application and a carrier for varicose vein treatment.

Hazelnut oil is used in perfumes and soaps; when rancid, it is used for machine lubrication and old watch springs.

Hazelnut oil can be modified into structured lipids as a human milk fat substitute in baby formulas. Sahin et al, J Ag Food Chem 2005 53.

HOLLY OIL

I cannot believe this product is still on the market. When massage students were training at Grant MacEwan College (now a University), one of the instructors introduced them to this petroleum product manufactured in Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta.

Laurie and I owned a store specializing in essential and carrier oils, so a sales representative visited. We advised them not to use it, but the therapists liked that it did not stain the sheets, but it is no better than mineral oils that block skin pores.

It contains saturated hydrocarbons, such as cyclo-cocaine, which can cause rash or pimples. A small amount of jojoba and liquid paraffin are added. Its name comes from a small amount of Holly (Ilex aquafolium) water. This oil is not recommended for aromatherapy. It is like coating your skin in plastic.

JOJOBA (Simmondsia chinensis) SEED WAX

A liquid wax composed of various alcohol esters and C20:1 (11-eiconenoic acid 30%), C20:1 (9-godoleic acid 14.6%), C22:1 (14.2%), C22:2 (33.7%), and straight-chain fatty acids. Its melting point is 10° Celsius, and its iodine value is 82.

It contains triglycerides, making it shelf-stable. It has an oxidative stability index of 60, suggesting it is more shelf-stable than canola or almond oil but less than coconut or castor oil.

It is the closest plant wax to human sebum. It has a sunblock value of SPF4.

The discovery of this vegetable wax helped stop the demise of the sperm whale brain oil and its derivatives, such as cetyl alcohol. A 1971 US ban on importing whale oil led to the finding that jojoba wax was superior for many applications.

It is being explored for bio-diesel, which seems like a waste of a valuable resource. The wax is used in various cosmetic products, from sunscreens to moisturizers and multiple products to protect and heal skin conditions, including infections, aging, and wounds.

It is mildly anti-fungal and will control mildew. It combines well with clay as a facial mask for lesioned skin and mild cases of acne vulgaris. Meier L et al, Forsch Komplement Med 2012 19(2):75-9.

An in vitro study on HaCaT keratinocytes and human dermal fibroblasts suggests jojoba liquid wax benefits wound healing. Ranzato E et al, J Ethnopharm 2011 124(2).

It is the best carrier oil for perfumery purposes. It is stable and does not go rancid as quickly as most carriers.

KUKUI (Aleurites moluccanus) NUT OIL

Kukui is the official state tree of Hawaii. The nut oil penetrates quickly, leaving skin soft and smooth without any greasy residue. It contains vitamins A, C, and E. It is 42% linoleic acid and 29% alpha-linolenic acid.

The oil can be applied directly to crow’s feet in and around the eyes at full strength. It is also used for sunburns and irritated and chapped skin. It goes rancid reasonably quickly and must be refrigerated.

A Video Experiential Exercise Using Carrier Oils-

Go to the Ship’s Blending lab. Choose a carrier oil, and have your scent impressions sheet and strip with you. Although carrier oils do not have as distinct a scent as essential oils, they still have one. The texture and colour of the oil also has its own characteristics. Many carrier oils are also used in cooking, so be sure to have a small taste of the safe ones you are not sensitive to. This will help familiarize you with these very valuable oils.

MACADAMIA (Macadamia ternifolia) NUT OIL

This oil contains 85% monosaturated fats and a very high smoke point of 210 degrees Celsius. It is an excellent botanical replacement for mink oil for most applications.

Macadamia nuts’ oil contains 22% palmitoleic acid, compared to mink-referred fat oil, which contains 17%. Macadamia nut oil’s physical properties are similar to those of human sebum. Sea buckthorn also contains a large percentage of palmitoleic acid (40%).

Macadamia oil has a rich, cushiony skin feel, making it useful for heavy creams and sun care formulations.

MEADOWFOAM (Limanthes species) SEED OIL

MEADOWFOAM

(Limnanthes douglasii)

MACOUN’S MEADOWFOAM

(L. macounii)

The seeds contain 25-35% oil with novel properties.

This is because over 95% of its fatty acids have extra-long (20—and 22-carbon) chain lengths. These fatty acids are unique in having high levels of mono saturation at the 5 and 6 carbon atoms and very little poly-unsaturation. These characteristics make meadowfoam oil exceptionally stable, even when heated or exposed to oxygen.

Liquid wax esters, similar to those occurring naturally in jojoba, were synthesized and performed well in lubrication tests. Meadowfoam seed oil can be converted with an excellent yield to a product substantially identical to liquid jojoba.

Meadowfoam oil can be used as industrial lubricants, polymers, waxes, and lactones, similar to carnaùba and candelilla waxes.

Work by Knapp et al., published in Crop Science 1998 38:6, found significant variability of seed oil composition in Meadowfoam. “Alba,” one subspecies, contains significantly more dienoic acid than the subspecies versicolour. They suggest avoiding the higher erucic acid subspecies and standardizing the industry to the better-quality alba subspecies.

At our store in Edmonton, we carried a line of lip balms with small amounts of meadowfoam oil to add firmness and stability. We also had the bulk oil for those interested in its unique properties. Numerous cosmetic companies, including Revlon, utilize seed oil in hair colour products.

MINERAL OIL

Believe it or not, this is a main ingredient in Johnson’s® Baby Oil. It is derived from petroleum, dries the skin, is cheap, and does not penetrate deeply into the skin.

It also inhibits the body’s ability to synthesize sunlight and manufacture vitamin D. Therefore, it is not recommended for aromatherapy or massage.

MUGWORT INFUSED OIL-

Artemesia douglasiana

Let’s explore Mugwort as an infused oil and how to make it.

Mugwort oil is a bit of a superstar when it comes to:

Soothing Muscles: Think of it as a mini spa treatment in a bottle – perfect for calming those pesky muscle cramps.
Boosting Circulation: It gets the blood flowing, which is always good, especially on those chilly days or when you’re sluggish.

Easing Menstrual Pain: For those days when cramps are just too much, mugwort oil can be a real game-changer.
Now, let’s get our hands a little dirty and make some of this fantastic oil!

Step 1: Venture out and pick some fresh mugwort – Once you’ve found your mugwort plant, strip the leaves from the stem and give them a good chop with scissors. It’s like prepping a salad but way more fun because you’re making something for your well-being!

Step 2: Grab a canning jar and stuff it with the fresh mugwort leaves until it’s about 3/4 full. Press down gently – think of it as tucking them in for a little oily nap.

Step 3: Here’s where the magic starts. Add one tablespoon of 190-proof full-potency alcohol per quart of plant material (or 1.5 teaspoons per pint if working with smaller quantities). This helps extract all the good stuff from the plant. Please stir it with a chopstick to make sure every leaf is coated.

Step 4: Pour in olive oil until the jar is full, ensuring all the mugwort is submerged. It’s like the plant is swimming in a luxurious oil bath!

Step 5: Seal the deal by putting the lid on the jar, and remember to label it—you don’t want to mix it up, do you?

Just a heads up, avoiding this oil during pregnancy is best. Safety first! Mugwort is part of the

And there you have it! Your homemade mugwort-infused oil is ready to soothe, stimulate, and ease your way to comfort.

MULLEIN (Verbascum thapsus) FLOWER OIL

Mullein oil is made by macerating fresh flowers in olive or canola for ten days, soaking them, and pressing them out. If the second batch of mullein flowers is available, repeat the soaking, macerating, and pressing processes. A low-temperature crockpot can be used instead of soaking the flowers for ten days; it shortens the process to 24 hours.

A few drops of oil soothe the most persistent cough and relieve frostbite rapidly. Swollen glands and testicular pains are relieved. For hemorrhoids, an itchy anus, or pain in the rectum, combine mullein and fireweed oils as a suppository. Culpepper notes, “An oil, made by frequently infusing the flowers, has an excellent effect on the piles.”

It can also be used for all skin problems, including eczema and difficult-to-heal hard and dry skin tumours.

Mullein flower oil is one of nature’s great remedies for painful and swollen conditions. It combines well with St. John’s Wort oil or is used singularly for ear problems. It combines pain relief with anti-bacterial action, making it a must in the herbal first aid kit.

Ear infections are soothed if caught in the early stage. Chronic catarrhal deafness and fullness of the ear require repeated warm oil treatments combined with homeopathic or herbal mullein internally.

For tinnitus, nerve deafness, and vertigo associated with the eighth auditory nerve, a few warm drops of mullein oil are used 3-4 times daily. This is combined with a tincture of yellow dock, thuja, cleavers, violet leaf and echinacea internally.

The flowers contain rotenone and insecticidal activity that help control fleas and mange in pets and farm animals.

As a Massage Oil:

Mullein flower oil also relieves painful joints, cramps, arthritis and rheumatic conditions.

Internally:

Dr. Cushing and Father Kneipp suggested mullein oil for dribbling urine, where underwear is always slightly wet in children and older adults.

Mullein carrier oil, taken internally in one teaspoon 3-4 times daily, is an effective and safe vermifuge and anthelmintic. Serkedjieva, Phytotherapy Research 2000 14:7 showed infused mullein flowers inhibit the influenza virus. The oil helps alleviate infections in animals, especially dogs.

NEEM (Azadirachta indica) FRUIT AND SEED OIL

Neem oil is quite thick and can vary in colour from yellow to dark green-brown to bright red. Its strong odour reminds one of garlic and peanuts. It can be cold-pressed from the seed (best) or solvent-extracted and is used mainly for soap production.

The oil is anti-microbial and effective against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and fungi. It is analgesic, anodyne and antiseptic. Use it for skin warts, ringworm, and athlete’s foot.

It is a powerful insecticide and useful for lice, scabies and related infestations.

It is a good pesticide for ants, bedbugs, cockroaches, flies, snails, and mosquitoes. In the greenhouse, it helps control mildew, rust, and various destructive insects. Dilute 5-10 mls per litre with a few squirts of liquid soap and spray on commercial fruit and vegetable crops.

Beekeepers use neem to control mites and help keep hives healthy over the winter.

Animal studies suggest it may interfere with pregnancy. Human implications are unknown. A few small studies found neem oil kills sperm in the vagina within 30 seconds and remains active for five hours without the irritation or discomfort of chemical spermicidal foams. Vaginal suppositories are widely used in India for birth control.

Caution: Avoid in Pregnancy.

OLIVE (Olea europaea) FRUIT OIL

Olive oil, when correctly prepared, is a superior food product. After crushing the fruit, the paste is stirred to release the oil droplets through maceration and then spun in a centrifuge to separate the oil and water. An unrefined extra virgin, organic olive oil is dark green and leaves a slight astringent burn on the palate at the end of ingestion.

These days, good olive oil can be hard to find, as it is often diluted with corn or safflower.

The oil is somewhat sticky and suitable for dry skin. It can be used in 10-15% maximum amounts for sore, chapped skin, rheumatism, joint pain and sunburned, irritated and inflamed skin. It is a beneficial oil. Its drawback in cosmetic making is its distinct food-like scent.

In 2015, a double-blind, randomized study took place in which olive oil was used on diabetic patients with ulcers on their feet. After four weeks of treatment, the patients who’d received olive oil topical treatments had more minor, less pronounced ulcers than those who received placebo or nothing.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4428202/

PEANUT (Arachis hypogaea) OIL

Due to the high incidence of peanut allergies and aflatoxin contamination, peanut oil is a poor choice of carrier oil for aromatherapy.

It is interesting to note that peanut oil has been widely used as an adjuvant in vaccines and may explain, in part, the significant increase in anaphylaxis in many children and adults. Read The Peanut Allergy Epidemic by H. Fraser 2011.

 

 

PLANTAIN GEL- Video by Brenda Holder-

Although not used as a carrier oil in this instance, here is Brenda Holder’s video on making a gel.

ROSEHIP (Rosa mosqueta) SEED OIL

The cold-pressed or solvent-extracted oil from rosehip seeds is high in linoleic (42-47%), alpha-linolenic acids (30%), and 1.6% gamma-linolenic acid.

The seed oil contains minor amounts of phospholipids (nearly half in the form of phosphatidylcholine), sterols (>80% beta-sitosterol), and tocopherols (70% gamma-tocopherol). Retinoic acid is believed to be the most related to the oil benefits.

Yield is around 9.6%, with a specific gravity of 0.9161 and an iodine value of 153. The oil dries in seven hours at 50 degrees C and in ten days at room temperature.

The human body cannot produce these fatty acids, which are important for optimal health. It has also been shown that people produce ten times the oil in their skin at age twenty-five than at age fifty.

Rosehip seed oil is remarkable in its regenerative qualities for the skin. It may minimize lines and wrinkles and dissolve recent scar tissue, burns, and stretch marks. Results could appear after 3-4 weeks of continual application. It also depigments the so-called hormonal mask that affects some women over time.

Concepcion, in 1983, looked at 180 patients with surgical, traumatic, post-burn scars and prematurely aged skin and showed outstanding results.

As roses are a northern hemisphere plant, it should not be surprising that rosehip seed oils from wild roses of the prairies also have similar healing potential. There may be some business opportunities for people producing or harvesting prairie rosehips.

Wild Rose (R. woodsii) is a particularly rich source of seed oil, at 3.7%. It has an almost equal ratio of n-3 and n-6 oils, ideal for optimal health. High levels of total tocopherols were noted (2358 mg/kg), with exceptionally high levels of valuable gamma-tocopherol at 1871 mg/kg. Total tocopherol content is higher than blueberry, red raspberry, marionberry, and boysenberry seed oils.

The oil’s Sterol content was 8617 mg/kg and rich in beta-sitosterol at 60.14 mg/kg. Anwar F et al., J Am Oil Chem Soc 2008 85:953-9.

The oil is somewhat thick and is contraindicated with acne or oily skin.

SAFFLOWER (Carthamus tinctorius) SEED OIL

Safflower seed oil consists of approximately 75% linoleic acid, 13% oleic acid, 6% palmitic acid, and 3% stearic acid.

Various genotypes vary greatly in oil composition, with some containing over 80% oleic acid and others with 83% linoleic. This makes plant breeding with safflower most interesting! Specific gravity is 0.927, saponification is 192, and iodine is 145.

Safflower oil contains long-chain triglycerides, which exert some effect on the reticuloendothelial (immune) system.

It can effectively decrease the severity of clinical autoimmune encephalomyelitis by enhancing T-cell proliferation. It has also been used clinically in treating chronic nephritis and lupus.

Linoleic acid is converted into immuno-suppressants, prostaglandin E2, and l-2 within the prostaglandin pathway.

An experiment in 1982 by Bell et al. at Iowa University involved safflower oil emulsion infused intravenously into low-birth-weight babies. The increase in energy intake allowed more energy for growth.

Topical application of safflower oil to 120 babies found safflower oil absorbed and improved fatty acid profiles, compared to coconut oil and control. Solanki K et al, Indian Pediatr 2005 42(10): 998-1005. Another study found infant massage enhanced average weight gain, vagal nerve activity, gastric motility, insulin and IGF-1 levels. Field T et al., Infant Behav Dev 2010 33(2): 115-24.

The oil has been compounded with glycerin and rose oil as an external massage lotion. Topical administration could be a better substitute for ingestion. The plant is used traditionally in India and is known as KOOSUMBHA. The oil is used as the base of several Ayurvedic medicinal body oils.

Uses for Skin:

Safflower oil and some wheat germ oil are good combinations for sunburned skin. It helps heal and reduce the pain and damage caused by this solar force.

Safflower oil contains Vitamin F, an essential fatty acid needed for both skin regeneration and reducing allergy symptoms from corn, wheat, dust, feather or wool allergy, according to Dr. Lepore.

The oil is light and sound for rheumatic and joint pain. Linoleic acid decreases neurotoxicity caused by lithium carbonate. Lieb, Prostaglandin and Medicine 1980 4. Safflower oil is a suitable substrate for producing CLA or conjugated linoleic acid in weight loss and cosmetic applications.

More Health Promoting Uses:

In one study, switching from other oils to safflower for eight weeks reduced total serum cholesterol levels by 9-15% and LDL cholesterol by 12-20%.

CLA was used as a treatment for Crohn’s disease in an open-label study. Healthy flora in the colon produces CLA locally and suppresses inflammation, so it may also be helpful in irritable bowel syndrome and colitis. For more info, go to www.vt.edu.

Recent work by Arcadia Biosciences has achieved a GLA content of 65% in safflower seed oil. This is a significant breakthrough that will affect other sources of gamma-linolenic acid, such as borage, evening primrose, and black currant seed.

The seed oil can become rancid very quickly if not refrigerated and is not suitable for deep-frying, as the flavour is unstable at high temperatures. If you have a ragweed allergy, this plant might be a skin sensitizer or even cause histamine reactions.

SAINT JOHN’S WORT (Hypericum perforatum)

Flower/Leaf Oil

Fresh flowers/leaves and canola oil can be used to make a sun-infused oil. This oil is invaluable for backaches, stiff necks, eczema, psoriasis, sciatica, shingle (herpes zoster) pain, and cold sores.

As a massage oil, it has a soothing, anti-spasmodic effect and is helpful in spinal cord injuries and traumatic shock to the nervous system.

Just a few drops are rubbed into the affected area. It combines well with mullein flower oil for earaches.

For cradle cap (crusta lactaea) use the oil after gentle bathing. As a tetanus preventative, it is traditionally rubbed over the entire body twice weekly after baths.

As face oil, it is rich in lipids for re-moisturizing and combines well with rosehip seed oil.

Traditionally, in folk remedies, it is used for mumps. Combine Saint John’s Wort with clay and apply to affected areas, changing often. Apply the oil and rub it twice daily for inflamed or receding gums.

Internally, the oil relieves gastric ulcers and chronic intestinal inflammations, including hemorrhoids and bladder and throat infections.

It strengthens the nerves and calms those patients exhausted by stress, depression, and fear. It is taken internally by children with bedwetting issues, as well as by women, for the hot flushes that accompany puberty and menopause.

When gently applied locally, it relieves menstrual irregularity, cramping pain, and premenstrual breast pain. It also invigorates heart and blood circulation by increasing metabolism. For energy around blocked arteries, massage the oil onto the chest area.

Some midwives massage the perineum during labour with the oil.

In Russia, it is frequently used and valuable for radiation burns applied between treatments and for healing sunburns after the skin has cooled. It relieves shingle pain.

Research at the University of Freiburg, Germany, found 1.5% hyperforin sun-infused oil effective against atopic dermatitis and Staphylococcus aureus, a common cause of skin infections. Schempp et al., Phytomedicine 2003 10:1004.

A study of 144 women with postpartum wounds found an ointment better than a placebo at healing after ten days and superior at preventing scar formation at forty days. Samadi et al, J Alt Comp Med 2010 16:1.

Hypericin helps treat skin cancers, particularly those appearing on the face. The oil seems helpful in treating plaque-type psoriasis. Najafizadeh et al., Austral J Dermatol 2012 53:2.

If your kitten is ailing and losing weight, give it a few drops of St. John’s oil several times daily. Likewise, for chickens suffering from the pip, a contagious disease with spitting mucous and scabs on the tongue, a few drops of oil may help revive them.

The plant oil is composed of 80% triacylglycerides, with fatty acids, mainly linoleic (21%), palmitic (29%), and linoleic (12.7%), the main components.

SEA BUCKTHORN (Hippophae rhamnoides) FRUIT AND SEED OILS

Fixed or fatty acid oils from sea buckthorn fruit and seeds contain mainly unsaturated linoleic acid (C18) and saturated palmitoleic (C16) acids. The waxy constituent is mostly nonacosane. The oil content in dried fruit can be up to 34%.

Specifically, the fruit contains just over 5% fatty acids and the seed over 9%. The fruit coat oils are mainly saturated with over 75% oleic acids and rich in palmitic and palmitoleic acids.

The seed oil is predominately unsaturated fatty acids with 33- 40% linoleic, 15-22% alpha-linolenic, and 17% oleic acids.

Sea buckthorn oil reduces inflammation, is antibacterial, relieves pain, and promotes skin regeneration. It can be used in skin grafts and the treatment of corneal wounds.

A study in China on 350 patients treated with a beauty cream containing sea buckthorn oil found a positive effect on xanthopsia, melanosis, wrinkles, and freckles.

Veterinarians have successfully controlled foot rot in sheep using the oil and paste from sea buckthorn. Studies in Romania indicate significant wound healing properties attributed to sea buckthorn oil extract.

Sea buckthorn oil, rose oil, and plantain seed oil all had therapeutic effects on chemical burns of laboratory rabbit eyes. Russian Clinical Pharmacology Journal, 1992.

In Germany, the fruit and seed oils are used externally for radiation damage, including X-ray and sunburn.

A comparative study in the Chinese Journal of Vet Medicine 1997 23:6 on the effects of seed vs. fruit oil on the immune systems of mice found both worked well at high dosages, but the seed oil effect was better.

Palmitoleic acid is a relatively rare fatty acid and a component of skin fat, explaining, in part, its support of cell tissue and wound healing.

The oil is helpful in postoperative wounds of tonsillitis and traumatic perforation of the tympanic membrane. In 56 cases, the oil helped reunite the valvulae of perforated edges, facilitated exudation and hematopoiesis of tissue fluid of the wound, and reunited the tympanic membrane. Fan Yulin et al., Sea Buckthorn 1991 4:2.

The fruit oil helped restore balance to hyperthyroid conditions. Chen et al, Hippophae 1998 1:4.

Aubrey Organics, a manufacturer of quality cosmetics out of Tampa, Florida, markets a skincare line with sea buckthorn and pulp oil. The Body Shop uses the oil in several of its sunscreen products.

Russian cosmonauts have used this oil for decades to protect themselves from cosmic radiation. Work by Gao et al., World J Gastroenter 2003:9, reported that fruit helps prevent and treat liver fibrosis.

The seed oil, taken internally, significantly reduces plasma cholesterol, LDL, atherogenic index and LDL/HDL ratio: Basu et al., Journal of Phytomedicine 14:6.

It appears to restore natural killer cell activity (Ren Lisa et al., Hippophae 1992 5:4). The oil increases IL-2 function, which helps strengthen the immune system.

The oil reduces lipid oxidation due to a content of SOD or superoxide dismutase, also found in the leaves. Animal studies have shown the oil postpones senility and prevents lipid peroxidation: Rui Livin et al., Proceedings of Int Symposium Seabuckthorn 1989.

Sarcoma 180, lymphatic leukemia, and B16 cancer cell formation have been inhibited by oral administration of seabuckthorn seed oil. Zhang et al., Hippophae 1989 2:3.

Human leukemia cells and Ellis ascites carcinoma have shown a reduction from oil obtained from fruit pressings. Yang Jian Ping et al., Int Symposium Seabuckthorn, Xi’an China 1989.

The seed residue, leftover from oil extraction, blocks angiotensin signals and improves insulin sensitivity, suggesting its use in cardiovascular and diabetic conditions. Pang et al, J Ethnopharm 117:2

SESAME (Sesamum indicum) SEED OIL

Sesame seed oil is a remarkable oil, both internally and externally.

It contains many vitamins and minerals, especially zinc and magnesium.

It should be noted that roasted sesame oil, although tasty, has very few health benefits due to the high temperatures used in production.

The oil for aromatherapy should be organic and cold-pressed.

It is widely used in Ayurvedic Medicine. An activity known as oil pulling involves swishing the oil in the mouth to pull toxins from the body.

One study showed that it reduces Streptococcus mutans in tooth plaque and mouth saliva. Swishing also helps tighten loose teeth and, over time, whitens them. For optimal results, it should be done before breakfast.

Taken orally, it has been found to improve the effectiveness of the anti-diabetic drug glibenclamide in type 2 diabetics. Am J Clin Nutr 2011. It can be applied to the head for migraines and vertigo.

Sesame oil has been used as nose drops to help cure chronic sinusitis.

It is a natural sun-blocker, albeit somewhat sticky. It protects the skin from chlorine in swimming pools and neutralizes the effects of radiation on the skin. Mixed with water, it may help control vaginal yeast infections.

It is used externally to penetrate the skin and helps promote good red and white blood cell production. It tightens facial skin and significantly enlarges pores around the nose. It is gentle enough to use on baby diaper rashes.

SHEA BUTTER- Vitellaria paradoxa.

Shea Butter is the nut of the African shea tree. It is used in cosmetics as a moisturizer. I use it to make skin cream or lotion in about a 10-30% ratio. This highly emollient butter is used in the cosmetic industry for making lip gloss, hair conditioners, and soap. It is suitable for dry, brittle hair and skin. It is used to protect the skin against ultraviolet rays. It is massaged into joints to relieve pain. It is also used to help alleviate sinusitis and nasal congestion. It goes rancid fairly quickly, so keep it cool at all times.

SQUALENE (ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE)

Squalene is a natural 30-carbon organic compound, initially found in shark liver oil and olives, rice bran, wheat germ and amaranth seed.

It is used in very high-priced cosmetics. Squalene is a precursor to a whole family of steroids and is one of the most common lipids produced by human skin cells. It is also a significant component of nasal sebum.

It helps to plump collagen and regenerate older, wrinkled and dehydrated skin. It is used in cosmetic blends with less than 2% dilution.

SUNFLOWER (Helianthus annuus) SEED OIL

Traditional sunflower seed oil is 69% linoleic acid. Hybrid breeding is changing all that, however. Oleic acid is a monosaturated fatty acid that can lower serum cholesterol and the risk of coronary heart disease.

NuSun can produce oil with nearly 30% less saturated fatty acids than traditional hybrids. Potato chips fried in this oil could be labelled low in saturated fat. Mid-oleic oils (60-75%) require no hydrogenation and are low in saturated fats, creating new market demand.

Sunflower oil can be used internally to relieve constipation and act as a lubricant. It can also be used externally as a massage oil or oil dressing for poorly healing wounds. Numerous cosmetic companies, including Revlon, L’Oreal, Clairol, Avon, and Vaseline, use sunflower seed oil in gels, creams, and hair product formulas.

It has been used for skin sores, rheumatism, and psoriasis.

Prottey et al. conducted a 1975 study on three patients suffering from chronic malabsorption and scaly dermatitis. Cutaneous applications of sunflower seed oil to their right arms for two weeks led to significant increases in the level of linoleic acids, a substantial lowering in the rate of transdermal water loss, and the disappearance of scaly lesions.

Ozonized sunflower oil demonstrates significant antimicrobial activity and anti-inflammatory and wound-healing properties. Topical application to preterm infants in a randomized, controlled clinical trial showed a substantial reduction of nosocomial infections. Darmstadt et al., Ped Infect Dis Journal 2004 23.

A study by Rodenas et al., J Am Coll Nutr 2005 24:5 found a mixture of sunflower and olive oil decreased total cholesterol, LDL, and apolipoprotein in fourteen postmenopausal women over four weeks. This suggests that a human canola and sunflower oil trial may produce similar findings and a potential market opportunity.

Sunflower seed oil is a suitable substrate for producing CLA or conjugated linoleic acid.

CLA is found naturally in milk, butter, cheese, and meat due to bacterial fermentation in the rumen and is used in supplements, dietetic foods, skincare, and cosmetic products. Areas of interest include weight loss and potential anti-cancer activity.

Sunflower oil is a reliable source of mixed tocopherols of vitamin E, containing beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol, and campesterol.

In Ayurvedic medicine, the sunflower seed oil is held under the tongue for twenty minutes and then spit out. Matthew Wood mentions it is an old Cherokee recipe for alcohol poisoning. The mouth is later rinsed out to remove the toxins.

Sunflower oil attracts leaf-cutting ants and may be helpful in poisonous traps.

If you have a ragweed allergy, this plant might be a skin sensitizer or even cause histamine reactions.

WHEAT (Triticum species) GERM OIL

CONSTITUENTS- linoleic acid (35-60%), oleic acid (15-30%), alpha-linolenic acid (2-10%), palmitic acid (9-19%), stearic acid (1-6%)

Wheat germ oil, due in part to its rich vitamin E content, is a good antioxidant that can counteract the aging of body cells.

Wheat germ oil can help improve the symptoms of the menopausal transition and increase the fertility of both men and women.

Wheat germ is thick and amber-coloured. It is prone to oxidation and rancidity and is best preserved in capsules that can be opened. It is a valuable addition to stretch mark prevention and damaged, aged, or scar tissue. Dry knees and elbows respond well to a neat application.

Octacosanol is a waxy substance found in wheat germ oil and waxy green blades that research suggests may play a role in cell energy production.

In one study, 1 mg per day of octacosanol for eight weeks improved grip strength and visual reaction times.

Octacosanol has been found to benefit some Parkinson’s patients. A six-week double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized crossover trial of octacosanol involved patients with idiopathic Parkinsonism. Ten patients with mild to moderate symptoms were given three daily doses of 5 mg octacosanol or placebo. Significant improvement was found in three of the ten regarding daily living activities. Snider SR, Ann Neurol 1984 16:6.

 

 

 

Wheat was sacred to the Goddess Demeter and her daughter Persephone.

The Goddess held up a stalk of wheat at the end of a many-day ritual called the Eleusinian Rites. The Wheat stalk represented the mysteries of death and rebirth.

Wheatgerm might be a possible sensitizer or allergen for people with wheat or gluten allergies.

 

Robert Discusses Some of the Carrier and Sun-Infused Oils From This Section

The Carrier Oil Video

 

Deep Dives and Transformations Summary Video

 

Downloads

Carriersunit5a-guide (1).pdf*Carrier Oils